Watts David P
Department of Anthropology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208277, New Haven, CT, 06520-8277, USA,
Primates. 2015 Apr;56(2):163-72. doi: 10.1007/s10329-014-0453-z. Epub 2014 Oct 25.
Male mating tactics vary extensively in many primates. Some variation occurs because adolescent males often are sexually active but cannot invest heavily in mating effort because of their limited ability to compete directly with adults and because they are still investing in growth; consequently, most of their mating attempts may be surreptitious and/or with females whose fecundity is low. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a complex mating system: most copulations occur between estrous females with full sexual swelling and multiple males in group settings where the potential for sperm competition is high, but males sometimes mate-guard females, and sometimes male-female pairs mate exclusively with each other while avoiding other males during "consortships." Among other factors, dominance ranks, coalition formation, and variation in male-female association influence male mating and reproductive success. Mating effort increases from adolescence into prime adulthood. At Gombe and Mahale, adolescent males copulated more with nulliparous than with parous females, and mostly when females were unlikely to be ovulating, partly because of low adult male interest in nulliparous females and partly because of aggression from or avoidance of adult males. Adolescents thus had low probabilities of siring infants. However, adolescents are known to have gained some paternity at Gombe and in other populations, and their mating behavior deserves more study. I present data on mating by adolescent males in an unusually large chimpanzee community at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Adolescents at Ngogo also copulated more with nulliparous than parous females and mostly copulated outside of periovulatory periods. Also, they directed less aggression at estrous females than did adult males. However, they gained lower shares of copulations than reported for Gombe and Mahale, regardless of female parity, and received more aggression from adult males. These differences might partly reflect the influence of variation in the number of males per community on male mating tactics.
在许多灵长类动物中，雄性的交配策略差异很大。出现这种差异的部分原因在于，青春期雄性虽然往往具有性活性，但由于其与成年雄性直接竞争的能力有限，且仍在投入生长发育，因而无法在交配活动中大量投入精力；所以，它们的大多数交配尝试可能是偷偷摸摸的，和/或与生育力较低的雌性交配。黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）拥有复杂的交配系统：大多数交配发生在处于完全性肿胀发情期的雌性与多个雄性之间，且是在精子竞争可能性很高的群体环境中，但雄性有时会对雌性交配守卫，有时雄性 - 雌性配对在“配偶期”会相互排他性交配，同时避开其他雄性。除其他因素外，优势等级、联盟形成以及雌雄关联的变化都会影响雄性的交配和繁殖成功率。从青春期到壮年成年期，交配精力会不断增加。在贡贝和马哈勒，青春期雄性与未生育雌性交配的次数多于已生育雌性，且大多是在雌性不太可能排卵的时候，部分原因是成年雄性对未生育雌性兴趣不大，部分原因是受到成年雄性的攻击或被成年雄性避开。因此，青春期雄性生育后代的概率较低。然而，已知在贡贝和其他种群中，青春期雄性也获得了一些父权，它们的交配行为值得更多研究。我展示了乌干达基巴莱国家公园恩戈戈一个异常庞大的黑猩猩群体中青春期雄性的交配数据。恩戈戈的青春期雄性与未生育雌性交配的次数同样多于已生育雌性，且大多在排卵期外交配。此外，它们对发情期雌性的攻击性比成年雄性小。然而，无论雌性是否已生育，它们获得的交配份额都比贡贝和马哈勒报道的要低，且受到成年雄性的攻击更多。这些差异可能部分反映了每个群体中雄性数量的变化对雄性交配策略的影响。
