Gaillard Yvan, Regenstreif Philippe, Fanton Laurent
From the *Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology LAT LUMTOX, La Voulte sur Rhône; †Cabinet d'expertise balistique, Rambouillet; and ‡Institut Médico-Légal, Lyon, France.
Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2014 Dec;35(4):258-64. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e318288abe8.
In the spring of 1944, Kurt von Gottberg, the SS police chief in Minsk, was shot and injured by 2 Soviet agents. Although he was only slightly injured, he died 6 hours later. The bullets were hollow and contained a crystalline white powder. They were 4-g bullets, semi-jacketed in cupronickel, containing 28 mg of aconitine. They were later known as akonitinnitratgeschosse. The Sipo (the Nazi security police) then ordered a trial with a 9-mm Parabellum cartridge containing Ditran, an anticholinergic drug with hallucinogenic properties causing intense mental confusion. In later years, QNB was used and given the NATO code BZ (3-quinuclidinyl-benzylate). It was proven that Saddam Hussein had this weapon (agent 15) manufactured and used it against the Kurds. Serbian forces used the same type of weapon in the Bosnian conflict, particularly in Srebrenica.The authors go on to list the Cold War toxic weapons developed by the KGB and the Warsaw pact countries for the discreet elimination of dissidents and proindependence leaders who had taken refuge in the West. These weapons include PSZh-13 launchers, the Troika electronic sequential pistol, and the ingenious 4-S110T captive piston system designed by the engineer Stechkin. Disguised as a cigarette case, it could fire a silent charge of potassium cyanide. This rogues gallery also includes the umbrella rigged to inject a pellet of ricin (or another phytalbumin of similar toxicity, such as abrin or crotin) that was used to assassinate the Bulgarian writer and journalist Georgi Markov on September 7, 1978, in London.During the autopsy, the discovery of a bullet burst into 4 or 5 parts has to make at once suspecting the use of a toxic substance. Toxicological analysis has to look for first and foremost aconitine, cyanide, suxamethonium, Ditran, BZ, or one of the toxic phytalbumins. The use of such complex weapons has to make suspect a powerful organization: army, secret service, terrorism. The existence of the Russian UDAR spray gun in the present day, however, shows that these weapons are still present. The possibility that one might be used to spray a charge of cyanide is still very real, especially as it would not be very difficult for an informed amateur to produce homemade toxic ammunition by adapting existing civil or military cartridges.
1944年春，明斯克的党卫军警察局长库尔特·冯·戈特贝格被两名苏联特工枪击受伤。尽管他只是受了轻伤，但6小时后还是去世了。子弹是空心的，里面装有结晶状白色粉末。它们是4克重的子弹，半被覆铜镍合金，含有28毫克乌头碱。后来它们被称为乌头碱硝酸盐子弹。纳粹保安警察（盖世太保）随后下令进行一次试验，使用一种装有迪屈嗪的9毫米帕拉贝鲁姆手枪子弹，迪屈嗪是一种具有致幻特性的抗胆碱能药物，会导致严重的精神错乱。后来使用了QNB，并被赋予北约代号BZ（3-奎宁环基苄酸酯）。事实证明，萨达姆·侯赛因制造了这种武器（15号制剂）并用于对付库尔德人。塞尔维亚军队在波斯尼亚冲突中，特别是在斯雷布雷尼察，使用了同一类武器。作者接着列出了克格勃和华沙条约国家研制的冷战时期的有毒武器，用于秘密清除那些在西方避难的持不同政见者和亲独立领导人。这些武器包括PSZh-13发射器、三联装电子连发手枪，以及工程师斯捷奇金设计的巧妙的4-S110T captive piston系统。它伪装成烟盒，可以发射无声的氰化钾装药。这个恶行清单还包括那把经过改装用来注射蓖麻毒素（或另一种毒性类似的植物蛋白，如相思子毒素或巴豆毒素）小球的雨伞，1978年9月7日在伦敦，它被用来暗杀保加利亚作家兼记者乔治·马尔科夫。在尸检过程中，发现子弹爆裂成4或5块，就得立刻怀疑使用了有毒物质。毒理学分析首先得寻找乌头碱、氰化物、琥珀酰胆碱、迪屈嗪、BZ，或其中一种有毒植物蛋白。使用这种复杂武器就得怀疑有一个强大的组织：军队、特工部门、恐怖组织。然而，当今俄罗斯UDAR喷枪的存在表明这些武器仍然存在。有人可能用它来喷射氰化钾装药的可能性仍然非常大，特别是因为一个消息灵通的业余人员通过改装现有的民用或军用弹药来制造自制有毒弹药并非难事。
