土壤、水中的杀虫剂残留和茄子果实中的残留以及农民因接触农药而产生的健康影响。
Insecticide residues in soil, water, and eggplant fruits and farmers' health effects due to exposure to pesticides.
机构信息
Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, NIH Bldg, P. Gil St., UP Manila, Taft Avenue, 1100, Manila, Philippines,
出版信息
Environ Health Prev Med. 2015 Jan;20(1):53-62. doi: 10.1007/s12199-014-0425-3. Epub 2014 Nov 21.
OBJECTIVES
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop that is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical areas in Asia. Globally, the top three eggplant producers are China, India, and Egypt. The Philippines has been one of the top 10 eggplant-producing countries based on area planted and crop productivity. This study aims to describe the insecticide residues found in soil, water, and eggplant fruits in eggplant farms in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan.
METHODS
The study design is a cross sectional of randomly selected eggplant farms in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. Soil, water, and eggplant fruits were collected and subjected to gas chromatography (Shimadzu) analysis for multi-pesticide residues.
RESULTS
Farmers from Sta. Maria, Pangasinan were found to be applying a broad spectrum of insecticides on their eggplant crop. Soil samples from 11 (about 42%) out of the 26 farms tested positive for insecticide residues, six of which from four farms exceeded the acceptable maximum residue limit. These residues were profenofos, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and malathion. No insecticide residues were detected from water samples taken from the 26 farms. Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were the insecticide residues detected in eggplant fruit samples. A maximum of 20% of the eggplant samples tested positive for insecticide residues. In the eggplant fruit study, all farmers have been using Prevathon(®) for 24 years at a rate of 10 ml/application, and Malathion(®) for 25 years at about 16.5 ml/application, respectively equivalent to 0.24 liter-years and 0.413 liter-years of exposure. Similarly, to the findings in the soil and water study, although Brodan(®) and Magnum(®) were not prevalently applied, the farmers' liter-years of exposure to these insecticides, and their active ingredients, were highest at about 18.92 and 10.0, respectively. The farmers and farm workers in the soil and water study reported experiencing itchiness of the skin (63.8%), redness of the eyes (29.3%), muscle pains (27.6%), and headaches (27.6%), as being related to their pesticide exposure.
CONCLUSION
In summary, a maximum of 20% of the eggplant samples tested positive for insecticide residues at any one stage of sampling done. The farmers and farm workers also reported of pesticide-related illnesses but none of them sought any medical attention. Intervention to reduce the farmers' pesticide exposure can focus on the risk factors identified, primarily the toxicity of pesticides used, the unsafe application practices, and the adverse health effects of pesticide exposure.
目的
茄子（Solanum melongena L.）是一种重要的蔬菜作物，广泛种植在亚洲的热带和亚热带地区。全球茄子产量排名前三的国家是中国、印度和埃及。菲律宾一直是茄子种植面积和作物产量排名前十的国家之一。本研究旨在描述圣玛丽亚市茄子种植户土壤、水和茄子果实中的杀虫剂残留情况。
方法
本研究采用随机抽样的方式对圣玛丽亚市的茄子种植户进行了横断面研究。采集土壤、水和茄子果实样本，并进行气相色谱（岛津）分析，以检测多种农药残留。
结果
研究发现，圣玛丽亚市的农民在茄子作物上广泛使用了广谱杀虫剂。在 26 个农场的土壤样本中，有 11 个（约 42%）检测出杀虫剂残留阳性，其中 6 个样本来自 4 个农场，超过了可接受的最大残留限量。这些残留的杀虫剂有丙溴磷、三唑磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和马拉硫磷。从 26 个农场采集的水样中未检测到杀虫剂残留。在茄子果实样本中检测到氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱残留。在茄子样本中，有 20%的样本检测出杀虫剂残留阳性。在茄子果实研究中，所有农民 24 年来一直以 10 毫升/次的剂量使用Prevathon（®），25 年来一直以 16.5 毫升/次的剂量使用Malathion（®），分别相当于 0.24 升-年和 0.413 升-年的暴露量。同样，与土壤和水研究的结果一样，尽管 Brodan（®）和 Magnum（®）并未广泛使用，但农民对这些杀虫剂及其活性成分的暴露量最高，分别约为 18.92 和 10.0。在土壤和水研究中，农民和农场工人报告说，他们的皮肤瘙痒（63.8%）、眼睛发红（29.3%）、肌肉疼痛（27.6%）和头痛（27.6%）与他们接触农药有关。
结论
总的来说，在任何一个采样阶段，最多有 20%的茄子样本检测出杀虫剂残留阳性。农民和农场工人也报告了与农药有关的疾病，但他们都没有寻求任何医疗帮助。减少农民接触农药的干预措施可以集中在已确定的风险因素上，主要是使用的农药毒性、不安全的施药方法以及农药暴露对健康的不利影响。
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