Salerno Silvana
ENEA Casaccia.
Med Lav. 2014 Nov 16;105(6):435-44.
A few years after a series of meetings of Italian scientists were convened prior to the unification of Italy, the first women qualified in medicine and other dedicated women participated in founding a movement for the improvement of living and working conditions of women and children in Italy.
analysis of Italian women's contributions in the proceedings of the International Council of Women Congresses and their impact on increasing the number of women's occupational health studies presented at the fourth National Congress on Occupational Diseases held in Rome in 1914.
Analysis of the proceedings of the International Council of Women Congresses (Washington, Chicago, London), and of the Women's National Council and other documents so as to obtain a picture of Italian women's working conditions at that time.
Women and children worked an excessive number of hours per day, were underpaid, and had a legal status of inferiority. The main work sectors were sewing, embroidery, lace making, ironing, cooking, washing, dressmaking, millinery, fashion design, typing, weaving, artificial flowers, etc. The same sort of work was available to Italian women who emigrated to the United States of America. The success achieved by the women's movement is shown in the paper presented by Irene de Bonis "Occupational diseases among women" and published in the proceedings of the fourth National Congress on Occupational Diseases held in Rome, 9-14 June 1914.
The article outlines the main features of the women's movement at the turn of the twentieth century, focussing on their publications describing Italian women's working conditions, considered in an international context. The movement's engagement in the promotion of women's occupational health at international and national level was successful but the First World War was to transform this achievement into the women's peace movement.
在意大利统一之前，一系列意大利科学家会议召开数年之后，首批获得医学资格的女性以及其他有献身精神的女性参与发起了一场运动，旨在改善意大利妇女和儿童的生活及工作条件。
分析意大利女性在国际妇女理事会大会进程中的贡献，以及她们对1914年在罗马举行的第四届全国职业病大会上所呈现的女性职业健康研究数量增加的影响。
分析国际妇女理事会大会（华盛顿、芝加哥、伦敦）以及妇女全国委员会的会议记录和其他文件，以便了解当时意大利女性的工作状况。
妇女和儿童每天工作时间过长，工资过低，且法律地位低下。主要工作领域包括缝纫、刺绣、蕾丝制作、熨烫、烹饪、洗涤、制衣、女帽制作、时装设计、打字、编织、人造花制作等。移民到美利坚合众国的意大利女性也有同样的工作。妇女运动所取得的成功体现在艾琳·德·博尼斯所撰写并发表于1914年6月9日至14日在罗马举行的第四届全国职业病大会会议记录中的论文《职业女性的职业病》中。
本文概述了二十世纪之交妇女运动的主要特征，重点关注她们描述意大利女性工作状况的出版物，并将其置于国际背景下考量。该运动在国际和国家层面促进女性职业健康方面取得了成功，但第一次世界大战将这一成果转变为了妇女和平运动。
