Keshavarzi Behnam, Yavarashayeri Nasrin, Irani Dariush, Moore Farid, Zarasvandi Alireza, Salari Mehrdad
Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran,
Environ Geochem Health. 2015 Apr;37(2):377-89. doi: 10.1007/s10653-014-9654-z. Epub 2014 Nov 30.
In view of the high incidence rate of urinary stones in the south and southwest of Iran, this paper investigates trace elements content including heavy metals in 39 urinary stones, collected from patients in Fars province, Iran. The mineralogy of the stones is investigated using X-ray diffractometry. The samples are classified into five mineral groups (calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, calcium phosphate and mixed stone). Major and trace elements in each group were determined using ICP-MS method. P and Ca constitute the main elements in urinary stones with Ca being more affine to oxalates while other alkali and alkaline earths precipitate with phosphate. Significant amounts of trace elements, especially Zn and Sr, were found in urinary calculi (calcium oxalate and phosphates) relative to biominerals (uric acid and cystine). Among urinary calculi, calcium phosphate contains greater amounts of trace metal than calcium oxalate. Phosphates seem to be the most important metal-bearing phases in urinary stones. Results indicate that concentrations of elements in urinary stones depend on the type of mineral phases. Significant differences in elements content across various mineralogical groups were found by applying statistical methods. Kruskal-Wallis test reveals significant difference between Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Zn, Sr, Se, Cd, and Co content in different investigated mineral groups. Moreover, Mann-Whitney test differentiates Ca, Na, Zn, Sr, Co, and Ni between minerals in oxalate and uric acid stones. This study shows that urinary stone can provide complementary information on human exposure to elements and estimate the environmental risks involved in urinary stones formation.
鉴于伊朗南部和西南部尿石症的高发病率，本文对从伊朗法尔斯省患者收集的39块尿石中的微量元素含量（包括重金属）进行了调查。使用X射线衍射法对结石的矿物学进行了研究。样本被分为五个矿物组（草酸钙、尿酸、胱氨酸、磷酸钙和混合结石）。使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定每组中的主要和微量元素。磷和钙是尿石中的主要元素，钙与草酸盐的亲和力更强，而其他碱金属和碱土金属则与磷酸盐沉淀。相对于生物矿物质（尿酸和胱氨酸），在尿结石（草酸钙和磷酸盐）中发现了大量的微量元素，尤其是锌和锶。在尿结石中，磷酸钙含有的微量金属比草酸钙更多。磷酸盐似乎是尿石中最重要的含金属相。结果表明，尿石中元素的浓度取决于矿物相的类型。通过应用统计方法发现不同矿物学组之间的元素含量存在显著差异。Kruskal-Wallis检验揭示了不同研究矿物组中钙、磷、钾、钠、镁、硫、锌、锶、硒、镉和钴含量之间的显著差异。此外，Mann-Whitney检验区分了草酸钙结石和尿酸结石中矿物之间的钙、钠、锌、锶、钴和镍。这项研究表明，尿石可以提供关于人类接触元素的补充信息，并估计尿石形成所涉及的环境风险。
