Chmielewski Witold X, Beste Christian
Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany.
Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany.
Prog Neurobiol. 2015 Jan;124:49-83. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.002. Epub 2014 Nov 20.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) encompass a range of syndromes that are characterized by social interaction impairments, verbal and nonverbal communication difficulties, and stereotypic or repetitive behaviours. Although there has been considerable progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying the changes in the 'social' and 'communicative' aspects of ASD, the neurofunctional architecture of repetitive and stereotypic behaviours, as well as other cognitive domains related to response and action control, remain poorly understood. Based on the findings of neurobiological and neuroanatomical alterations in ASD and the functional neuroanatomy and neurobiology of different action control functions, we emphasize that changes in action control processes, including response inhibition, conflict and response monitoring, task switching, dual-tasking, motor timing, and error monitoring, are important facets of ASD. These processes must be examined further to understand the executive control deficits in ASD that are related to stereotypic or repetitive behaviours as a major facet of ASD. The review shows that not all domains of action control are strongly affected in ASD. Several factors seem to determine the consistency with which alterations in cognitive control are reported. These factors relate to the relevance of neurobiological changes in ASD for the cognitive domains examined and in how far action control relies upon the adjustment of prior experience. Future directions and hypotheses are outlined that may guide basic and clinical research on action control in ASD.
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）涵盖一系列综合征，其特征为社交互动受损、言语和非言语沟通困难以及刻板或重复行为。尽管在理解ASD“社交”和“沟通”方面变化的潜在机制方面已取得相当大的进展，但重复和刻板行为的神经功能结构以及与反应和行动控制相关的其他认知领域仍知之甚少。基于ASD中神经生物学和神经解剖学改变的研究结果以及不同行动控制功能的功能性神经解剖学和神经生物学，我们强调行动控制过程的变化，包括反应抑制、冲突和反应监测、任务切换、多任务处理、运动定时和错误监测，是ASD的重要方面。必须进一步研究这些过程，以了解ASD中与刻板或重复行为相关的执行控制缺陷，而刻板或重复行为是ASD的一个主要方面。综述表明，并非所有行动控制领域在ASD中都会受到强烈影响。有几个因素似乎决定了认知控制改变报告的一致性。这些因素与ASD中神经生物学变化与所研究认知领域的相关性以及行动控制在多大程度上依赖于先前经验的调整有关。本文概述了未来的方向和假设，这些方向和假设可能会指导关于ASD行动控制的基础和临床研究。
