Differential effects of morphine and clonidine on visceral and cutaneous spinal nociceptive transmission in the rat.

1. The effect of morphine or clonidine administered systemically on visceral and cutaneous spinal nociceptive transmission was examined in 45 dorsal horn neurons in spinalized, decerebrate rats: 17 "cutaneous" dorsal horn neurons located in the L3-L5 spinal segments were excited by heating the glabrous skin of the hindpaw (48 degrees C, 15 s) and 28 "visceral" dorsal horn neurons located in the T13-L2 spinal segments were excited by colorectal distension (80 mmHg, 20 s). The 28 visceral dorsal horn neurons were subclassified as 18 short-latency abrupt neurons (SL-A), which were excited by colorectal distension at short latency (less than 1 s) and whose activity abruptly returned to base line following termination of the distending stimulus, and as 10 short-latency-sustained (SL-S) neurons, which also were excited at short latency (less than 1 s) by colorectal distension, but whose activity was sustained above base line for 4-31 s following termination of the distending stimulus. 2. Morphine produced a dose-dependent, naloxone-reversible inhibition of both spontaneous activity and/or neuronal responses during heating or colorectal distension of 8 SL-A, 7 SL-S, and 11 cutaneous dorsal horn neurons. Comparison of the effective doses of morphine to produce a 50% reduction in the response of the neurons (ED50s) during colorectal distension or heating demonstrated that, at the intensities of distension and heating employed, SL-S neurons were affected at the least dosage (ED50 = 0.46 mumol/kg), followed by SL-A neurons (ED50 = 1.95 mumol/kg) and cutaneous neurons (ED50 = 6.12 mumol/kg). Effects on spontaneous activity were variable: at low doses morphine produced an increase in the spontaneous activity of 2 SL-A and 5 cutaneous neurons; greater doses (up to 42 mumol/kg) inhibited in all of the SL-A and SL-S neurons, but not three cutaneous neurons studied. With the exclusion of these three neurons, the ED50s for inhibition of spontaneous activity were comparable to the ED50s for inhibition of neuronal responses during colorectal distension or heating of the hindpaw in all three neuronal groups. 3. Clonidine produced a dose-dependent, yohimbine- or phentolamine-reversible inhibition of both spontaneous activity and neuronal responses during heating or colorectal distension of 10 SL-A, 3 SL-S, and 6 cutaneous dorsal horn neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)