Cortical cholinergic dysregulation as a long-term consequence of neonatal hypoglycemia.

Neonatal hypoglycemia limits the glucose supply to cells, affecting the function of brain due to its high energy demand. This can cause long-term consequences in brain function, leading to memory and cognitive deficits. The present study evaluated the cholinergic functional regulation in cerebral cortex of one month old rats exposed to neonatal hypoglycemia to understand the long-term effects of early life stress. Receptor binding and gene expression studies were done in the cerebral cortex to analyze the changes in total muscarinicreceptors, muscarinic M1, M2, M3 receptors, and the enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism, cholineacetyl transferase and acetylcholine esterase. Neonatal hypoglycemia decreased total muscarinic receptors (p < 0.001) with reduced muscarinic M1, M2, and M3 receptor genes (p < 0.001) in one month old rats. The reduction in acetylcholine metabolism is indicated by the downregulated cholineacetyl transferase, upregulated acetylcholine esterase, and decreased vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression. These alterations in cholinergic function in one month old rat brain indicates the longterm consequences of neonatal hypoglycemia in cortical function, which can contribute to the onset of many disease conditions in later stages of life.