Wiedmann Magnus A, Primicerio Raul, Dolgov Andrey, Ottesen Camilla A M, Aschan Michaela
Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Marine and Arctic Biology, University of Tromsø 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
Ecol Evol. 2014 Sep;4(18):3596-611. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1203. Epub 2014 Sep 2.
Under exploitation and environmental change, it is essential to assess the sensitivity and vulnerability of marine ecosystems to such stress. A species' response to stress depends on its life history. Sensitivity to harvesting is related to the life history "fast-slow" continuum, where "slow" species (i.e., large, long lived, and late maturing) are expected to be more sensitive to fishing than "fast" ones. We analyze life history traits variation for all common fish species in the Barents Sea and rank fishes along fast-slow gradients obtained by ordination analyses. In addition, we integrate species' fast-slow ranks with ecosystem survey data for the period 2004-2009, to assess life history variation at the community level in space and time. Arctic fishes were smaller, had shorter life spans, earlier maturation, larger offspring, and lower fecundity than boreal ones. Arctic fishes could thus be considered faster than the boreal species, even when body size was corrected for. Phylogenetically related species possessed similar life histories. Early in the study period, we found a strong spatial gradient, where members of fish assemblages in the southwestern Barents Sea displayed slower life histories than in the northeast. However, in later, warmer years, the gradient weakened caused by a northward movement of boreal species. As a consequence, the northeast experienced increasing proportions of slower fish species. This study is a step toward integrating life history traits in ecosystem-based areal management. On the basis of life history traits, we assess the fish sensitivity to fishing, at the species and community level. We show that climate warming promotes a borealization of fish assemblages in the northeast, associated with slower life histories in that area. The biology of Arctic species is still poorly known, and boreal species that now establish in the Arctic are fishery sensitive, which calls for cautious ecosystem management of these areas.
在开发利用和环境变化的情况下，评估海洋生态系统对这种压力的敏感性和脆弱性至关重要。一个物种对压力的反应取决于其生活史。对捕捞的敏感性与生活史的“快-慢”连续体有关，其中“慢”物种（即体型大、寿命长和成熟晚的物种）预计比“快”物种对捕捞更敏感。我们分析了巴伦支海所有常见鱼类物种的生活史特征变化，并根据排序分析得出的快-慢梯度对鱼类进行排名。此外，我们将物种的快-慢排名与2004-2009年期间的生态系统调查数据相结合，以评估群落水平上生活史在空间和时间上的变化。北极鱼类比北方鱼类体型更小、寿命更短、成熟更早、后代更大且繁殖力更低。因此，即使校正了体型，北极鱼类也可被认为比北方物种更快。系统发育相关的物种具有相似的生活史。在研究初期，我们发现了一个强烈的空间梯度，巴伦支海西南部鱼类群落的成员显示出比东北部更慢的生活史。然而，在后来较温暖的年份，由于北方物种向北移动，这种梯度减弱。结果，东北部慢生活史鱼类的比例增加。这项研究是朝着将生活史特征纳入基于生态系统的区域管理迈出的一步。基于生活史特征，我们在物种和群落水平上评估了鱼类对捕捞的敏感性。我们表明，气候变暖促进了东北部鱼类群落的北方化，这与该地区较慢的生活史有关。北极物种的生物学仍然知之甚少，而现在在北极定居的北方物种对渔业敏感，这就要求对这些地区进行谨慎的生态系统管理。
