Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2015 Feb;23:163-70. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.11.020. Epub 2014 Dec 10.
The role of autophagy in the control of intracellular bacterial pathogens, also known as xenophagy, is well documented. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field of xenophagy. We review the importance of bacterial targeting by ubiquitination, diacylglycerol (DAG) or proteins such as Nod1, Nod2, NDP52, p62, NBR1, optineurin, LRSAM1 and parkin in the process of xenophagy. The importance of metabolic sensors, such as mTOR and AMPK, in xenophagy induction is also discussed. We also review the in vitro and in vivo evidence that demonstrate a global role for xenophagy in the control of bacterial growth. Finally, the mechanisms evolved by bacteria to escape xenophagy are presented.
自噬在控制细胞内细菌病原体（也称为异噬）中的作用已得到充分证实。在这里，我们重点介绍异噬领域的最新进展。我们回顾了泛素化、二酰基甘油 (DAG) 或 Nod1、Nod2、NDP52、p62、NBR1、optineurin、LRSAM1 和 parkin 等蛋白质靶向细菌在异噬过程中的重要性。还讨论了代谢传感器（如 mTOR 和 AMPK）在诱导异噬中的重要性。我们还回顾了体外和体内证据，证明异噬在控制细菌生长方面具有全局作用。最后，介绍了细菌为逃避异噬而进化出的机制。
