Guldimann Kathrin, Vögeli Sabine, Wolf Martin, Wechsler Beat, Gygax Lorenz
Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Agroscope, Institute of Livestock Sciences ILS, Tänikon, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Behaviour, Health and Welfare Unit, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Agroscope, Institute of Livestock Sciences ILS, Tänikon, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland; Animal Behaviour, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Brain Cogn. 2015 Feb;93:35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.11.004. Epub 2014 Dec 12.
Animal welfare concerns have raised an interest in animal affective states. These states also play an important role in the proximate control of behaviour. Due to their potential to modulate short-term emotional reactions, one specific focus is on long-term affective states, that is, mood. These states can be assessed by using non-verbal cognitive judgement bias paradigms. Here, we conducted a spatial variant of such a test on 24 focal animals that were kept under either unpredictable, stimulus-poor or predictable, stimulus-rich housing conditions to induce differential mood states. Based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we measured haemodynamic frontal brain reactions during 10 s in which the sheep could observe the configuration of the cognitive judgement bias trial before indicating their assessment based on the go/no-go reaction. We used (generalised) mixed-effects models to evaluate the data. Sheep from the unpredictable, stimulus-poor housing conditions took longer and were less likely to reach the learning criterion and reacted slightly more optimistically in the cognitive judgement bias test than sheep from the predictable, stimulus-rich housing conditions. A frontal cortical increase in deoxy-haemoglobin [HHb] and a decrease in oxy-haemoglobin [O2Hb] were observed during the visual assessment of the test situation by the sheep, indicating a frontal cortical brain deactivation. This deactivation was more pronounced with the negativity of the test situation, which was reflected by the provenance of the sheep from the unpredictable, stimulus-poor housing conditions, the proximity of the cue to the negatively reinforced cue location, or the absence of a go reaction in the trial. It seems that (1) sheep from the unpredictable, stimulus-poor in comparison to sheep from the predictable, stimulus-rich housing conditions dealt less easily with the test conditions rich in stimuli, that (2) long-term housing conditions seemingly did not influence mood--which may be related to the difficulty of tracking a constant long-term state in the brain--and that (3) visual assessment of an emotional stimulus leads to frontal brain deactivation in sheep, specifically if that stimulus is negative.
动物福利问题引发了人们对动物情感状态的关注。这些状态在行为的近端控制中也起着重要作用。由于它们具有调节短期情绪反应的潜力，一个特定的关注点是长期情感状态，即情绪。这些状态可以通过使用非语言认知判断偏差范式来评估。在这里，我们对24只焦点动物进行了这种测试的空间变体，这些动物被饲养在不可预测、刺激匮乏或可预测、刺激丰富的饲养条件下，以诱导不同的情绪状态。基于功能近红外光谱，我们在10秒内测量了血流动力学额叶脑反应，在此期间，绵羊可以观察认知判断偏差试验的配置，然后根据是/否反应表明它们的评估。我们使用（广义）混合效应模型来评估数据。与来自可预测、刺激丰富饲养条件的绵羊相比，来自不可预测、刺激匮乏饲养条件的绵羊达到学习标准的时间更长，可能性更小，并且在认知判断偏差测试中的反应略显乐观。在绵羊对测试情境进行视觉评估期间，观察到脱氧血红蛋白[HHb]在额叶皮质增加，氧合血红蛋白[O2Hb]减少，表明额叶皮质脑失活。这种失活在测试情境的消极性方面更为明显，这体现在来自不可预测、刺激匮乏饲养条件的绵羊的来源、线索与负强化线索位置的接近程度或试验中没有是反应。似乎（1）与来自可预测、刺激丰富饲养条件的绵羊相比，来自不可预测、刺激匮乏饲养条件的绵羊更难应对富含刺激的测试条件，（2）长期饲养条件似乎不会影响情绪——这可能与追踪大脑中恒定的长期状态的困难有关——并且（3）对情绪刺激的视觉评估会导致绵羊额叶脑失活，特别是如果该刺激是消极的。
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