Pierce Jordan E, McCardel J Brett, McDowell Jennifer E
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA,
Exp Brain Res. 2015 Mar;233(3):959-69. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4170-z. Epub 2014 Dec 24.
Eye movement circuitry involved in saccade production offers a model for studying cognitive control: visually guided prosaccades are stimulus-directed responses, while goal-driven antisaccades rely upon more complex control processes to inhibit the prepotent tendency to look toward a cue, transform its spatial location, and generate a volitional saccade in the opposite direction. By manipulating the relative probability of these saccade types, we measured participants' behavioral responses to different levels of implicit trial-type probability and task-switching demands in conditions with relatively long inter-trial fixation and trial-type cue lengths. Results indicated that when prosaccades were less probable in a run, more prosaccade errors were generated; however, for antisaccades, trial-type probability had no effect on the percent of correct responses. For reaction times, specifically in runs with a larger probability of antisaccade trials, latencies increased for both anti- and pro-saccades. Furthermore, task switching resulted in a lower percentage of correct responses on switched trials, but a prior antisaccade trial led to slower reaction times for both trial types (i.e., a task switch cost for prosaccades and switch benefit for antisaccades). These findings indicate that cognitive control demands and residual inhibition from antisaccades alter performance relative to trial-type probability and task switching within a run, with the prosaccade task showing greater susceptibility to the influence of a large probability of cognitively complex antisaccades.
视觉引导的前扫视是刺激导向的反应，而目标驱动的反扫视则依赖于更复杂的控制过程来抑制看向提示的优势倾向，转换其空间位置，并在相反方向产生一个自主的扫视。通过操纵这些扫视类型的相对概率，我们测量了参与者在试验间注视时间和试验类型提示长度相对较长的条件下，对不同水平的隐式试验类型概率和任务切换需求的行为反应。结果表明，当一组试验中前扫视的可能性较小时，会产生更多的前扫视错误；然而，对于反扫视，试验类型概率对正确反应的百分比没有影响。对于反应时间，特别是在反扫视试验可能性较大的一组试验中，反扫视和前扫视的潜伏期都增加了。此外，任务切换导致切换试验中正确反应的百分比降低，但之前的反扫视试验导致两种试验类型的反应时间都变慢（即前扫视的任务切换成本和反扫视的切换收益）。这些发现表明，认知控制需求和反扫视的残余抑制相对于一组试验中的试验类型概率和任务切换会改变表现，前扫视任务对认知复杂的反扫视可能性较大的影响表现出更大的敏感性。
