Van Soest Rob W M, Meesters Erik H W G, Becking Leontine E
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.; Email:
Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands.; Email:
Zootaxa. 2014 Oct 29;3878(5):401-43. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.1.
Four submersible dives off the coast of Bonaire (Caribbean Netherlands) and Klein Curaçao (Curaçao) to depths of 99.5-242 m, covering lower mesophotic and upper dysphotic zones, yielded 52 sponge specimens belonging to 31 species. Among these we identified 13 species as new to science. These are Plakinastrella stinapa n. sp., Pachastrella pacoi n. sp., Characella pachastrelloides n. sp., Geodia curacaoensis n. sp., Caminus carmabi n. sp., Discodermia adhaerens n. sp., Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides n. sp., Antho (Acarnia) pellita n. sp., Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., Calyx magnoculata n. sp., Neopetrosia dutchi n. sp., Neopetrosia ovata n. sp. and Neopetrosia eurystomata n. sp. We also report an euretid hexactinellid, which belongs to the rare genus Verrucocoeloidea, recently described (2014) as V. liberatorii Reiswig & Dohrmann. The remaining 18 already known species are all illustrated by photos of the habit, either in situ or 'on deck', but only briefly characterized in an annotated table to confirm their occurrence in the Southern Caribbean. The habitat investigated-steep limestone rocks, likely representing Pleistocene fossil reefs--is similar to deep-water fossil reefs at Barbados of which the sponges were sampled and studied by Van Soest and Stentoft (1988). A comparison is made between the two localities, showing a high degree of similarity in sponge composition: 53% of the present Bonaire-Klein Curaçao species were also retrieved at Barbados. At the level of higher taxa (genera, families) Bonaire-Klein Curaçao shared approximately 80% of its lower mesophotic and upper dysphotic sponge fauna with Barbados, despite a distance between them of 1000 km, indicating high faunal homogeneity. We also preliminarily compared the shallow-water (euphotic) sponge fauna of Curaçao with the combined data available for the Barbados, Bonaire and Klein Curaçao mesophotic and upper dysphotic sponges, which resulted in the conclusion that the two faunas show only little overlap.
在博内尔岛（荷属加勒比地区）和小库拉索岛（库拉索岛）海岸进行了4次潜水，深度达99.5 - 242米，覆盖了中光层下部和暗光层上部区域，共采集到52个海绵标本，分属于31个物种。其中，我们鉴定出13个新物种。它们分别是：新种Plakinastrella stinapa、新种Pachastrella pacoi、新种Characella pachastrelloides、新种Geodia curacaoensis、新种Caminus carmabi、新种Discodermia adhaerens、新种Clathria (Microciona) acarnoides、新种Antho (Acarnia) pellita、新种Parahigginsia strongylifera、新种Calyx magnoculata、新种Neopetrosia dutchi、新种Neopetrosia ovata和新种Neopetrosia eurystomata。我们还报告了一种真骨海绵纲六放海绵，它属于罕见的Verrucocoeloidea属，最近（2014年）被描述为V. liberatorii Reiswig & Dohrmann。其余18个已知物种均通过其原位或“甲板上”的习性照片进行了展示，但仅在注释表中进行了简要描述，以确认它们在加勒比海南部的出现情况。所调查的栖息地——陡峭的石灰岩岩石，可能代表更新世化石礁——与巴巴多斯的深水化石礁相似，范·索斯特和斯滕托夫特（1988年）曾对那里的海绵进行采样和研究。对这两个地点进行了比较，结果表明海绵组成具有高度相似性：博内尔岛 - 小库拉索岛目前的物种中有53%在巴巴多斯也有发现。在较高分类单元（属、科）层面，尽管博内尔岛 - 小库拉索岛与巴巴多斯之间相距1000公里，但它们的中光层下部和暗光层上部海绵动物群约80%相同，这表明动物群具有高度同质性。我们还初步比较了库拉索岛的浅水（透光层）海绵动物群与巴巴多斯、博内尔岛和小库拉索岛中光层和暗光层上部海绵的综合数据，结果得出这两个动物群仅有很少重叠的结论。
