Grane Venke Arntsberg, Endestad Tor, Pinto Arnfrid Farbu, Solbakk Anne-Kristin
Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
PLoS One. 2014 Dec 29;9(12):e115227. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115227. eCollection 2014.
We investigated performance-derived measures of executive control, and their relationship with self- and informant reported executive functions in everyday life, in treatment-naive adults with newly diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; n = 36) and in healthy controls (n = 35). Sustained attentional control and response inhibition were examined with the Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A.). Delayed responses, increased reaction time variability, and higher omission error rate to Go signals in ADHD patients relative to controls indicated fluctuating levels of attention in the patients. Furthermore, an increment in NoGo commission errors when Go stimuli increased relative to NoGo stimuli suggests reduced inhibition of task-irrelevant stimuli in conditions demanding frequent responding. The ADHD group reported significantly more cognitive and behavioral executive problems than the control group on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A). There were overall not strong associations between task performance and ratings of everyday executive function. However, for the ADHD group, T.O.V.A. omission errors predicted self-reported difficulties on the Organization of Materials scale, and commission errors predicted informant reported difficulties on the same scale. Although ADHD patients endorsed more symptoms of depression and anxiety on the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) than controls, ASEBA scores were not significantly associated with T.O.V.A. performance scores. Altogether, the results indicate multifaceted alteration of attentional control in adult ADHD, and accompanying subjective difficulties with several aspects of executive function in everyday living. The relationships between the two sets of data were modest, indicating that the measures represent non-redundant features of adult ADHD.
我们对新诊断的注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD；n = 36）的未接受过治疗的成年人以及健康对照组（n = 35）进行了研究，考察了基于表现得出的执行控制指标，以及它们与日常生活中自我报告和他人报告的执行功能之间的关系。采用注意力变量测试（T.O.V.A.）来检验持续注意力控制和反应抑制。与对照组相比，ADHD患者在Go信号上的延迟反应、反应时间变异性增加以及遗漏错误率更高，这表明患者的注意力水平波动。此外，当Go刺激相对于NoGo刺激增加时，NoGo错误率的增加表明在需要频繁反应的条件下，对与任务无关的刺激的抑制作用减弱。在执行功能行为评定量表-成人版（BRIEF-A）上，ADHD组报告的认知和行为执行问题明显多于对照组。任务表现与日常执行功能评分之间总体上没有很强的关联。然而，对于ADHD组，T.O.V.A.遗漏错误预测了在材料组织量表上自我报告的困难，而错误率预测了他人报告的在同一量表上的困难。尽管ADHD患者在基于实证的评估阿肯巴克系统（ASEBA）上认可的抑郁和焦虑症状比对照组更多，但ASEBA分数与T.O.V.A.表现分数没有显著关联。总之，结果表明成人ADHD患者的注意力控制存在多方面改变，以及在日常生活中执行功能的几个方面伴有主观困难。两组数据之间的关系不大，表明这些指标代表了成人ADHD的非冗余特征。
