Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of primary CNS lymphoma: single-centre experience and literature review.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and malignant tumour type. Established treatment approaches include high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX)-based chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). WBRT is associated with significant neurotoxicity and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been proposed as an alternative treatment - either in the 1st line setting after HD-MTX-based chemotherapy or as salvage treatment for relapsed/refractory PCNSL. We here report our single-centre experience with five PCNSL patients, who had achieved an objective response after a high-dose methotrexate-based induction therapy and consecutively received a high-dose chemotherapy, consisting of carmustine and thiotepa, followed by ASCT. We also provide a literature review on ASCL for PCNSL. Our data, with three of five patients in continuous complete remission and four of five patients alive after a median follow-up time of 8 months, as well as previously published results, show that ASCT is a safe treatment option that is able to induce tumour remissions in patients with PCNSL. However, controlled trials are needed to compare the long-term efficacy and tolerability of ASCT with other treatment approaches and also to establish the optimal sequence of treatment regimens in PCNSL patients.