Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2013 Apr 15;119:151-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.019. Epub 2013 Mar 8.
The impacts of urbanization on hydrology and water quality can be minimized with the use of low impact development (LID) practices in urban areas. This study assessed the performance of rain barrel/cistern and porous pavement as retrofitting technologies in two urbanized watersheds of 70 and 40 km(2) near Indianapolis, Indiana. Six scenarios consisting of the watershed existing condition, 25% and 50% implementation of rain barrel/cistern and porous pavement, and 25% rain barrel/cistern combined with 25% porous pavement were evaluated using a proposed LID modeling framework and the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA)-LID model. The model was calibrated for annual runoff from 1991 to 2000, and validated from 2001 to 2010 for the two watersheds. For the calibration period, R(2) and NSE values were greater than 0.60 and 0.50 for annual runoff and streamflow. Baseflow was not calibrated in this study. During the validation period, R(2) and NSE values were greater than 0.50 for runoff and streamflow, and 0.30 for baseflow in the two watersheds. The various application levels of barrel/cistern and porous pavement resulted in 2-12% reduction in runoff and pollutant loads for the two watersheds. Baseflow loads slightly increased with increase in baseflow by more than 1%. However, reduction in runoff led to reduction in total streamflow and associated pollutant loads by 1-9% in the watersheds. The results also indicate that the application of 50% rain barrel/cistern, 50% porous pavement and 25% rain barrel/cistern combined with 25% porous pavement are good retrofitting options in these watersheds. The L-THIA-LID model can be used to inform management and decision-making for implementation of LID practices at the watershed scale.
城市化对水文和水质的影响可以通过在城市地区采用低影响开发（LID）措施来最小化。本研究评估了雨水桶/蓄水池和多孔路面作为 retrofit 技术在印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯附近两个城市化流域中的性能，这两个流域的面积分别为 70 和 40km2。使用提出的 LID 建模框架和长期水文影响评估（L-THIA）-LID 模型，评估了由流域现有条件、25%和 50%实施雨水桶/蓄水池和多孔路面以及 25%雨水桶/蓄水池与 25%多孔路面组合组成的六个方案。该模型经过校准，可用于 1991 年至 2000 年的年径流量，并且针对两个流域从 2001 年至 2010 年进行了验证。在校准期间，年径流量和溪流流量的 R2 和 NSE 值均大于 0.60 和 0.50。本研究未对基流进行校准。在验证期间，两个流域的径流和溪流流量的 R2 和 NSE 值均大于 0.50，基流的 R2 和 NSE 值大于 0.30。桶/蓄水池和多孔路面的各种应用水平导致两个流域的径流量和污染物负荷减少 2-12%。基流略有增加，基流量增加超过 1%，导致总溪流流量和相关污染物负荷减少 1-9%。结果还表明，在这些流域中，应用 50%雨水桶/蓄水池、50%多孔路面和 25%雨水桶/蓄水池与 25%多孔路面相结合是很好的 retrofit 选择。L-THIA-LID 模型可用于为流域尺度实施 LID 措施提供信息，以支持管理和决策。
