没有VEGFR2,VEGFR3无法维持视网膜血管生成。
VEGFR3 does not sustain retinal angiogenesis without VEGFR2.
作者信息
Zarkada Georgia, Heinolainen Krista, Makinen Taija, Kubota Yoshiaki, Alitalo Kari
机构信息
Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
Lymphatic Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom; Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; and.
出版信息
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 20;112(3):761-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423278112. Epub 2015 Jan 5.
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs). VEGFR2 is abundant in the tip cells of angiogenic sprouts, where VEGF/VEGFR2 functions upstream of the delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)/Notch signal transduction pathway. VEGFR3 is expressed in all endothelia and is indispensable for angiogenesis during early embryonic development. In adults, VEGFR3 is expressed in angiogenic blood vessels and some fenestrated endothelia. VEGFR3 is abundant in endothelial tip cells, where it activates Notch signaling, facilitating the conversion of tip cells to stalk cells during the stabilization of vascular branches. Subsequently, Notch activation suppresses VEGFR3 expression in a negative feedback loop. Here we used conditional deletions and a Notch pathway inhibitor to investigate the cross-talk between VEGFR2, VEGFR3, and Notch in vivo. We show that postnatal angiogenesis requires VEGFR2 signaling also in the absence of Notch or VEGFR3, and that even small amounts of VEGFR2 are able to sustain angiogenesis to some extent. We found that VEGFR2 is required independently of VEGFR3 for endothelial DLL4 up-regulation and angiogenic sprouting, and for VEGFR3 functions in angiogenesis. In contrast, VEGFR2 deletion had no effect, whereas VEGFR3 was essential for postnatal lymphangiogenesis, and even for lymphatic vessel maintenance in adult skin. Knowledge of these interactions and the signaling functions of VEGFRs in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels is essential for the therapeutic manipulation of the vascular system, especially when considering multitargeted antiangiogenic treatments.
血管生成,即新血管的形成,受血管内皮生长因子(VEGFs)及其受体(VEGFRs)调控。VEGFR2在血管生成芽的顶端细胞中大量存在,在那里VEGF/VEGFR2在Delta样配体4(DLL4)/Notch信号转导通路的上游发挥作用。VEGFR3在所有内皮细胞中均有表达,对胚胎早期发育过程中的血管生成不可或缺。在成体中,VEGFR3在血管生成血管和一些有窗孔的内皮细胞中表达。VEGFR3在内皮顶端细胞中大量存在,在那里它激活Notch信号,在血管分支稳定过程中促进顶端细胞向茎细胞的转变。随后,Notch激活通过负反馈环抑制VEGFR3表达。在此,我们利用条件性基因敲除和一种Notch通路抑制剂来研究体内VEGFR2、VEGFR3和Notch之间的相互作用。我们发现,在不存在Notch或VEGFR3的情况下,出生后血管生成也需要VEGFR2信号,而且即使少量的VEGFR2也能在一定程度上维持血管生成。我们发现,VEGFR2在内皮细胞DLL4上调和血管生成芽形成以及VEGFR3在血管生成中的功能方面,独立于VEGFR3发挥作用。相比之下,VEGFR2基因敲除没有影响,而VEGFR3对出生后淋巴管生成至关重要,甚至对成年皮肤中的淋巴管维持也必不可少。了解这些相互作用以及VEGFRs在血管和淋巴管中的信号功能,对于血管系统的治疗性调控至关重要,尤其是在考虑多靶点抗血管生成治疗时。
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