Defective homologous pairing and proficient processive unwinding by the recA430 mutant protein and intermediates of homologous pairing by recA protein.

The recA protein promotes the formation and processing of joint molecules of homologous double- and single-stranded DNAs in vitro. Under a set of specified conditions, we found that the substitution of a single amino acid in the recA protein (recA430 mutation) depresses its activity for the homologous pairing to about 1/100 of that by the wild type protein when compared by the rate for the first 2-3 min of the reaction, but that the mutation only slightly, if at all, affects its ability to bind progressively to double-stranded DNA to unwind the double helix ("processive unwinding"). This is in striking contrast to an anti-recA protein monoclonal IgG, ARM193, which severely inhibits the processive unwinding but not the homologous pairing, providing further support for our conclusion that the homologous pairing and processive unwinding are functionally independent of each other. Antibody ARM193 caused the breakdown of spontaneously formed filaments of the recA protein, but the recA430 mutation did not affect the self-polymerization of the protein. The recA430 protein was apparently proficient in the functional binding to a single-stranded DNA and in the hydrolysis of ATP. However, we found that under the above conditions the mutant protein was defective as to homology-independent conjunction of DNA molecules to form a "ternary complex" (of macromolecules). These results suggest that (i) only one DNA-binding site is sufficient for the recA protein to promote the processive unwinding (the ability of the protein to form spontaneous filaments is closely related to this process) and that (ii) two DNA-binding sites on each of the recA polypeptides or those composed of a dimer (or oligomer) of the polypeptide are required for the recA protein to promote both the conjunction of parental DNA molecules and the homologous pairing (the ability to form the spontaneous filaments is not essential to this process). (iii) The simultaneous inactivation of the activity to promote the homologous pairing and that to form the ternary complex by the single substitution of the amino acid provides a physical support for the conclusion that the ternary complex is an indispensable intermediate in the homologous pairing.