Araki Hitoshi, Berejikian Barry A, Ford Michael J, Blouin Michael S
Department of Zoology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Eawag, The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Manchester, WA, USA.
Evol Appl. 2008 May;1(2):342-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00026.x.
Accumulating data indicate that hatchery fish have lower fitness in natural environments than wild fish. This fitness decline can occur very quickly, sometimes following only one or two generations of captive rearing. In this review, we summarize existing data on the fitness of hatchery fish in the wild, and we investigate the conditions under which rapid fitness declines can occur. The summary of studies to date suggests: nonlocal hatchery stocks consistently reproduce very poorly in the wild; hatchery stocks that use wild, local fish for captive propagation generally perform better than nonlocal stocks, but often worse than wild fish. However, the data above are from a limited number of studies and species, and more studies are needed before one can generalize further. We used a simple quantitative genetic model to evaluate whether domestication selection is a sufficient explanation for some observed rapid fitness declines. We show that if selection acts on a single trait, such rapid effects can be explained only when selection is very strong, both in captivity and in the wild, and when the heritability of the trait under selection is high. If selection acts on multiple traits throughout the life cycle, rapid fitness declines are plausible.
越来越多的数据表明，孵化场养殖的鱼在自然环境中的适应性低于野生鱼。这种适应性下降可能很快发生，有时仅经过一到两代人工饲养就会出现。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于孵化场养殖的鱼在野外适应性的现有数据，并研究了快速适应性下降可能发生的条件。迄今为止的研究总结表明：非本地孵化场种群在野外的繁殖能力一直很差；使用野生本地鱼进行人工繁殖的孵化场种群通常比非本地种群表现更好，但往往比野生鱼差。然而，上述数据来自有限的研究和物种，在能够进一步推广之前还需要更多的研究。我们使用一个简单的数量遗传模型来评估驯化选择是否足以解释一些观察到的快速适应性下降。我们表明，如果选择作用于单一性状，只有在圈养和野外选择都非常强烈且所选性状的遗传力很高时，才能解释这种快速效应。如果选择在整个生命周期中作用于多个性状，快速的适应性下降是合理的。
