O'Neill Christopher J, Swain David L, Kadarmideen Haja N
Systems Genetics, CSIRO Livestock Industries; and Sustainable Agricultural Flagship Davies Laboratory, Townsville, Qld, Australia.
Centre for Environmental Management, CQUniversity Rockhampton, Qld, Australia.
Evol Appl. 2010 Sep;3(5-6):422-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00151.x.
The evolutionary processes that have enabled Bos taurus cattle to establish around the globe are at the core to the future success of livestock production. Our study focuses on the history of cattle domestication including the last 60 years of B. taurus breeding programmes in both favourable and unfavourable environments and its consequences on evolution and fitness of cattle. We discuss the emergence of 'production diseases' in temperate production systems and consider the evolutionary genetics of tropical adaptation in cattle and conclude that the Senepol, N'Dama, Adaptaur and Criollo breeds, among others with similar evolutionary trajectories, would possess genes capable of improving the productivity of cattle in challenging environments. Using our own experimental evidence from northern Australia, we review the evolution of the Adaptaur cattle breed which has become resistant to cattle tick. We emphasize that the knowledge of interactions between genotype, environment and management in the livestock systems will be required to generate genotypes for efficient livestock production that are both economically and environmentally sustainable. Livestock producers in the 21st century will have less reliance on infrastructure and veterinary products to alleviate environmental stress and more on the animal's ability to achieve fitness in a given production environment.
使家牛能够在全球各地繁衍的进化过程是未来畜牧生产成功的核心。我们的研究聚焦于牛的驯化历史，包括过去60年在有利和不利环境下的家牛育种计划，以及这些计划对牛的进化和适应性的影响。我们讨论了温带生产系统中“生产疾病”的出现，并思考了牛对热带环境适应的进化遗传学，得出结论：塞内波尔牛、恩达马牛、阿德普陶牛和克里奥罗牛等具有相似进化轨迹的品种，可能拥有能提高牛在挑战性环境中生产力的基因。利用我们在澳大利亚北部的实验证据，我们回顾了已对牛蜱产生抗性的阿德普陶牛品种的进化过程。我们强调，要培育出经济和环境可持续的高效畜牧生产基因型，需要了解畜牧系统中基因型、环境和管理之间的相互作用。21世纪的畜牧生产者将减少对基础设施和兽医产品以缓解环境压力的依赖，而更多地依赖动物在特定生产环境中实现适应性的能力。
