Van Caenegem Eva, Wierckx Katrien, Elaut Els, Buysse Ann, Dewaele Alexis, Van Nieuwerburgh Filip, De Cuypere Griet, T'Sjoen Guy
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
Arch Sex Behav. 2015 Jul;44(5):1281-7. doi: 10.1007/s10508-014-0452-6. Epub 2015 Jan 15.
Gender nonconformity refers to the extent to which a person's gender identity, gender role and/or gender expression differs from the cultural norms prescribed for people of a particular sex, within a certain society and era. Most data on gender nonconformity focus on the prevalence of gender dysphoria (which also includes a distress factor) or on the number of legal sex changes. However, not every gender nonconforming individual experiences distress or applies for treatment. Population-based research on the broad spectrum of gender nonconformity is scarce and more information on the variance outside the gender binary is needed. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of gender incongruence (identifying stronger with the other sex than with the sex assigned at birth) and gender ambivalence (identifying equally with the other sex as with the sex assigned at birth) based on two population-based surveys, one of 1,832 Flemish persons and one of 2,472 sexual minority individuals in Flanders. In the general population, gender ambivalence was present in 2.2 % of male and 1.9 % of female participants, whereas gender incongruence was found in 0.7 % of men and 0.6 % of women. In sexual minority individuals, the prevalence of gender ambivalence and gender incongruence was 1.8 and 0.9 % in men and 4.1 and 2.1 % in women, respectively. With a current Flemish population of about 6 million, our results indicate a total of between 17,150 and 17,665 gender incongruent men and between 14,473 and 15,221 gender incongruent women in Flanders.
性别不一致是指在特定社会和时代背景下，一个人的性别认同、性别角色和/或性别表达与针对某一特定性别人群所规定的文化规范存在差异的程度。关于性别不一致的大多数数据聚焦于性别焦虑症的患病率（其中也包括痛苦因素）或合法变性的人数。然而，并非每个性别不一致的个体都会经历痛苦或申请治疗。针对广泛的性别不一致情况进行的基于人群的研究很少，需要更多关于二元性别之外差异的信息。本研究旨在基于两项基于人群的调查，调查性别不一致（对出生时被指定的性别认同较弱，而对另一性别的认同更强）和性别矛盾心理（对出生时被指定的性别与另一性别的认同程度相同）的患病率，一项调查对象为1832名弗拉芒人，另一项调查对象为弗拉芒地区的2472名性少数个体。在普通人群中，2.2%的男性和1.9%的女性参与者存在性别矛盾心理，而0.7%的男性和0.6%的女性存在性别不一致。在性少数个体中，男性性别矛盾心理和性别不一致的患病率分别为1.8%和0.9%，女性分别为4.1%和2.1%。弗拉芒地区目前约有600万人口，我们的研究结果表明，弗拉芒地区共有17150至17665名性别不一致的男性以及14473至15221名性别不一致的女性。
