Steinbrenner Holger, Al-Quraishy Saleh, Dkhil Mohamed A, Wunderlich Frank, Sies Helmut
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I and.
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and.
Adv Nutr. 2015 Jan 15;6(1):73-82. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007575. Print 2015 Jan.
Viral and bacterial infections are often associated with deficiencies in macronutrients and micronutrients, including the essential trace element selenium. In selenium deficiency, benign strains of Coxsackie and influenza viruses can mutate to highly pathogenic strains. Dietary supplementation to provide adequate or supranutritional selenium supply has been proposed to confer health benefits for patients suffering from some viral diseases, most notably with respect to HIV and influenza A virus (IAV) infections. In addition, selenium-containing multimicronutrient supplements improved several clinical and lifestyle variables in patients coinfected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Selenium status may affect the function of cells of both adaptive and innate immunity. Supranutritional selenium promotes proliferation and favors differentiation of naive CD4-positive T lymphocytes toward T helper 1 cells, thus supporting the acute cellular immune response, whereas excessive activation of the immune system and ensuing host tissue damage are counteracted through directing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. This review provides an up-to-date overview on selenium in infectious diseases caused by viruses (e.g., HIV, IAV, hepatitis C virus, poliovirus, West Nile virus) and bacteria (e.g., M. tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori). Data from epidemiologic studies and intervention trials, with selenium alone or in combination with other micronutrients, and animal experiments are discussed against the background of dietary selenium requirements to alter immune functions.
病毒和细菌感染常常与大量营养素和微量营养素缺乏有关，包括必需微量元素硒。在缺硒情况下，柯萨奇病毒和流感病毒的良性毒株可变异为高致病性毒株。有人提出通过膳食补充来提供充足或超营养水平的硒供应，以给患有某些病毒性疾病的患者带来健康益处，最显著的是在艾滋病毒和甲型流感病毒（IAV）感染方面。此外，含硒的多种微量营养素补充剂改善了同时感染艾滋病毒和结核分枝杆菌患者的一些临床和生活方式变量。硒状态可能影响适应性免疫和先天性免疫细胞的功能。超营养水平的硒促进幼稚CD4阳性T淋巴细胞的增殖并有利于其向辅助性T1细胞分化，从而支持急性细胞免疫反应，而免疫系统的过度激活及随之而来的宿主组织损伤则通过引导巨噬细胞向M2表型转变而得到抵消。本综述提供了关于硒在由病毒（如艾滋病毒、IAV、丙型肝炎病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、西尼罗河病毒）和细菌（如结核分枝杆菌、幽门螺杆菌）引起的传染病中的最新概述。在膳食硒需求以改变免疫功能的背景下，讨论了单独使用硒或与其他微量营养素联合使用的流行病学研究和干预试验数据以及动物实验数据。
