Medical Sciences Research Centre, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Jesús Carranza 205, Toluca City 50130, Mexico.
School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
Appetite. 2015 Apr;87:283-7. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.007. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
Dietary guidelines for the general public aim to lower the incidence of nutrition-related diseases by influencing habitual food choices. Yet little is known about how well the guidelines are matched by the actual practices that people regard as healthy or unhealthy. In the present study, British residents were asked in a cognitive interview to write a description of an occasion when either they ate in an unhealthy way or the eating was healthy. The reported foods and drinks, as well as sort of occasion, location, people present and time of day, were categorised by verbal and semantic similarities. The number of mentions of terms in each category was then contrasted between groups in exact probability tests. Perceived unhealthy and healthy eating occasions differed reliably in the sorts of foods and the contexts reported. There was also full agreement with the national guidelines on eating plenty of fruit and vegetables, eating small amounts of foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugar, drinking plenty of water, and cutting down on alcohol. There was a tendency to regard choices of bread, rice, potatoes, pasta and other starchy foods as healthy. Reported healthy and unhealthy eating did not differ in incidences of meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of protein or of dairy foods and milk. These results indicate that operationally clear recommendations by health professionals are well understood in this culture but members of the public do not make clear distinctions in the case of foods that can be included in moderate amounts in a healthy diet.
一般公众的膳食指南旨在通过影响习惯性食物选择来降低与营养相关的疾病的发病率。然而，人们对这些指南与人们认为健康或不健康的实际做法之间的匹配程度知之甚少。在本研究中，英国居民在认知访谈中被要求写出一次他们不健康饮食或饮食健康的情况描述。所报告的食物和饮料，以及场合、地点、在场的人以及一天中的时间，按口头和语义相似性进行分类。然后，通过确切概率检验，在组间对比每个类别的提及次数。报告的不健康和健康饮食场合在报告的食物种类和背景方面存在可靠差异。在多吃水果和蔬菜、少吃高脂肪和/或高糖的食物和饮料、多喝水和减少饮酒方面，也完全符合国家饮食指南。人们倾向于将面包、米饭、土豆、意大利面和其他淀粉类食物视为健康食品。报告的健康和不健康饮食在肉类、鱼类、鸡蛋、豆类和其他非乳制品蛋白质来源或乳制品和牛奶的摄入量方面没有差异。这些结果表明，在这种文化中，健康专业人士明确的操作建议得到了很好的理解，但公众在可以适量包含在健康饮食中的食物方面没有明确区分。
