Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Water Res. 2015 Mar 15;71:257-73. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.003. Epub 2015 Jan 12.
The purpose of this study was to assess the innate immunity of goldfish exposed to reuse water, and UV/H2O2-treated reuse water, using a real-time flow-through exposure system. The reuse water generated by ultrafiltration of finished wastewater from the municipal wastewater treatment plant was analyzed for the presence of a panel of 20 herbicides/fungicides and 46 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP). There was a seasonal variation in the profile and concentrations of xenobiotics in reuse water with lowest levels occurring in the summer. The innate immunity parameters assessed were cytokine (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-10, TNFα2), and cytokine receptor (TNFR1, TNFR2, IFNGR1, IFNGR2) gene expression, and phagocytosis of kidney leukocyte subpopulations. Assessment of innate immunity parameters was done after acute (7 days) and sub chronic (30 and 60 days) exposure to reuse water, UV/H2O2-treated reuse water, and activated carbon-treated reuse water (ACT; control), during spring, summer and fall of 2012. Temporal (acute versus sub chronic) as well as seasonal differences in innate immunity of fish exposed to reuse water were observed. The acute exposure of fish to reuse water caused significant down-regulation in cytokine gene expression in different organs of fish (kidney, spleen, liver) and phagocytic ability of different kidney leukocyte subpopulations. The immune gene expression and phagocytosis of kidney leukocytes of fish returned to ACT control levels after sub chronic exposure suggesting that fish have habituated to the reuse water exposure. The changes in gene expression after acute exposure were related to variations in the profile of xenobiotics in reuse water during different seasons. The efficiency of xenobiotic removal using UV/H2O2 ranged between 1.6 and 100% indicating that treatment of reuse water using high dose UV/H2O2 was only partially effective in removing the xenobiotics, as assessed by both chemical analyses and measurement of innate immune responsiveness of the fish. Furthermore, exposure of fish to reuse water and UV/H2O2-treated reuse water generated in the spring and fall caused greater changes in innate immunity after acute exposure, compared to fish exposed to ACT reuse water, indicating that the remediation of reuse water, should be considered in order to protect aquatic and public health.
本研究旨在使用实时流动暴露系统评估暴露于再生水和经 UV/H2O2 处理的再生水中的金鱼的先天免疫。超滤处理后的市政废水生成的再生水被分析了一组 20 种除草剂/杀菌剂和 46 种药物及个人护理产品 (PPCP) 的存在情况。再生水中的外源性物质的特征和浓度随季节而变化，夏季的浓度最低。评估的先天免疫参数包括细胞因子 (IFNγ、IL-1β、IL-10、TNFα2) 和细胞因子受体 (TNFR1、TNFR2、IFNGR1、IFNGR2) 基因表达，以及肾脏白细胞亚群的吞噬作用。在 2012 年春季、夏季和秋季，对金鱼进行了急性（7 天）和亚慢性（30 天和 60 天）暴露于再生水、经 UV/H2O2 处理的再生水和经活性炭处理的再生水（ACT；对照）后，评估了先天免疫参数。观察到暴露于再生水中的鱼类的先天免疫具有时间（急性与亚慢性）和季节性差异。鱼类急性暴露于再生水中会导致不同器官（肾脏、脾脏、肝脏）的细胞因子基因表达和不同肾脏白细胞亚群的吞噬能力显著下调。亚慢性暴露后，鱼类的免疫基因表达和肾脏白细胞的吞噬作用恢复到 ACT 对照水平，表明鱼类已经适应了再生水暴露。急性暴露后基因表达的变化与不同季节再生水中外源性物质的特征变化有关。使用 UV/H2O2 去除外源性物质的效率在 1.6%至 100%之间，这表明使用高剂量 UV/H2O2 处理再生水仅能部分有效去除外源性物质，这可以通过化学分析和鱼类先天免疫反应性的测量来评估。此外，与暴露于 ACT 再生水的鱼类相比，春季和秋季暴露于再生水和经 UV/H2O2 处理的再生水中的鱼类在急性暴露后，先天免疫的变化更大，这表明为了保护水生和公共健康，应考虑对再生水进行修复。
