Hitchman Glenn A M, Sherwood Simon J, Roe Chris A
Centre for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes, Division of Psychology, University of Northampton, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK.
Centre for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes, Division of Psychology, University of Northampton, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK.
Explore (NY). 2015 Mar-Apr;11(2):118-26. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2014.12.004. Epub 2014 Dec 24.
Many spontaneous cases of extra-sensory perception (ESP) seem to occur without the conscious intent of the experient to manifest any anomalous phenomena. Indeed, Stanford׳s psi-mediated instrumental response (PMIR) theory, which frames ESP as a goal-oriented function, goes as far as to suggest that such intent may be counterproductive to psi.
The present study was the latest to build on the successful paradigm developed by Luke and colleagues in testing the non-intentional psi hypothesis and potential covariates of psi task success. This study focused on the ability of latent inhibition-an organism׳s cognitive tendency to filter out apparently irrelevant information-to predict an individual׳s sensitivity to psi stimuli.
A total of 50 participants completed a two-part auditory discrimination performance measure of latent inhibition; a battery of questionnaires; and a 15-trial, binary, forced-choice, non-intentional precognition task. They were then either positively or negatively rewarded via images from subsets that they had pre-rated, seeing more images from their preferred subsets the better they performed at the psi task and vice versa.
Participants scored a mean hit rate of 7.96 [mean chance expectation (MCE) = 7.50], which just failed to reach a statistically significant level, t(48) = 1.62, P = .06, one-tailed, ESr (effect size correlation) = 0.23. However, latent inhibition was found to be unrelated to participants׳ precognitive performance.
许多超感官知觉（ESP）的自发案例似乎在体验者没有有意识地意图展现任何异常现象的情况下发生。事实上，斯坦福大学的超心理介导工具反应（PMIR）理论将ESP视为一种目标导向功能，甚至认为这种意图可能对超心理现象产生反作用。
本研究是在卢克及其同事所开发的成功范式基础上进行的最新研究，旨在测试非故意超心理假设以及超心理任务成功的潜在协变量。本研究聚焦于潜伏抑制——生物体过滤掉明显无关信息的认知倾向——预测个体对超心理刺激敏感性的能力。
共有50名参与者完成了一项关于潜伏抑制的两部分听觉辨别性能测量；一系列问卷；以及一项15次试验的二元强制选择非故意预知任务。然后通过他们预先评级的子集图像给予他们正向或负向奖励，他们在超心理任务中表现越好，看到来自其偏好子集的图像就越多，反之亦然。
参与者的平均命中率为7.96 [平均机会期望（MCE）= 7.50]，仅略未达到统计学显著水平，t（48）= 1.62，P = 0.06，单尾，ESr（效应大小相关性）= 0.23。然而，发现潜伏抑制与参与者的预知表现无关。
