Echeverría Zudaire L, Ortigosa Del Castillo L, Alonso Lebrero E, Álvarez García F J, Cortés Álvarez N, García Sánchez N, Martorell Aragonés A
Unidad de Alergia y Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, España.
Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria (HUNSC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España.
An Pediatr (Barc). 2015 Jul;83(1):63.e1-63.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.11.002. Epub 2015 Jan 29.
Vaccinations are one of the main public health tools for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases. If a child is labeled to have had an allergic reaction to a vaccine, the next immunizations will probably be suspended in that child, with the risks involved in this decision. The rate of severe allergic reactions is very low, ranging between 0.5-1/100,000 doses. The causes of allergic reactions to vaccines, more than the vaccine itself, are often due to residual protein components in the manufacturing process, such as gelatin or egg, and rarely to yeast or latex. Most of vaccine reactions are mild, localized at the site of injection, but in some circumstances, severe anaphylactic reactions can occur. If an immediate-type allergic reaction is suspected when vaccinating, or a child allergic to some of the vaccine components has to be vaccinated, a correct diagnosis of the possible allergy has to be made. The usual components of each vaccine should be known, in order to determine if vaccination can be performed safely on the child.
疫苗接种是控制疫苗可预防疾病的主要公共卫生手段之一。如果一个孩子被标记为对某种疫苗有过敏反应，那么接下来的免疫接种可能会在这个孩子身上暂停，而这一决定存在风险。严重过敏反应的发生率非常低，每10万剂次中发生率在0.5至1之间。疫苗过敏反应的原因，更多的是由于生产过程中的残留蛋白质成分，如明胶或鸡蛋，而非疫苗本身，很少是由于酵母或乳胶。大多数疫苗反应是轻微的，局限于注射部位，但在某些情况下，可能会发生严重的过敏反应。如果在接种疫苗时怀疑有速发型过敏反应，或者对某些疫苗成分过敏的儿童必须接种疫苗，则必须对可能的过敏情况做出正确诊断。应该了解每种疫苗的常见成分，以便确定是否可以对该儿童安全地进行接种。
