Urszán Tamás János, Török János, Hettyey Attila, Garamszegi László Zsolt, Herczeg Gábor
Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány, 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary,
Oecologia. 2015 May;178(1):129-40. doi: 10.1007/s00442-014-3207-0. Epub 2015 Feb 6.
The focus of evolutionary behavioural ecologists has recently turned towards understanding the causes and consequences of behavioural consistency, manifesting either as animal personality (consistency in a single behaviour) or behavioural syndrome (consistency across more behaviours). Behavioural type (mean individual behaviour) has been linked to life-history strategies, leading to the emergence of the integrated pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) theory. Using Rana dalmatina tadpoles as models, we tested if behavioural consistency and POLS could be detected during the early ontogenesis of this amphibian. We targeted two ontogenetic stages and measured activity, exploration and risk-taking in a common garden experiment, assessing both individual behavioural type and intra-individual behavioural variation. We observed that activity was consistent in all tadpoles, exploration only became consistent with advancing age and risk-taking only became consistent in tadpoles that had been tested, and thus disturbed, earlier. Only previously tested tadpoles showed trends indicative of behavioural syndromes. We found an activity-age at metamorphosis POLS in the previously untested tadpoles irrespective of age. Relative growth rate correlated positively with the intra-individual variation of activity of the previously untested older tadpoles. In previously tested older tadpoles, intra-individual variation of exploration correlated negatively and intra-individual variation of risk-taking correlated positively with relative growth rate. We provide evidence for behavioural consistency and POLS in predator- and conspecific-naive tadpoles. Intra-individual behavioural variation was also correlated to life history, suggesting its relevance for the POLS theory. The strong effect of moderate disturbance related to standard behavioural testing on later behaviour draws attention to the pitfalls embedded in repeated testing.
进化行为生态学家的研究重点最近已转向理解行为一致性的原因和后果，行为一致性表现为动物个性（单一行为的一致性）或行为综合征（多种行为的一致性）。行为类型（个体行为均值）已与生活史策略相关联，从而催生了综合生活节奏综合征（POLS）理论。我们以黄斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪为模型，测试了在这种两栖动物的早期个体发育过程中是否能检测到行为一致性和POLS。我们选取了两个个体发育阶段，并在一个共同环境实验中测量了活动、探索和冒险行为，评估了个体行为类型和个体内行为变异。我们观察到，所有蝌蚪的活动都是一致的，探索行为仅在年龄增长时才变得一致，而冒险行为仅在较早接受过测试（因此受到干扰）的蝌蚪中才变得一致。只有之前接受过测试的蝌蚪表现出行为综合征的迹象。我们发现，在之前未接受过测试的蝌蚪中，无论年龄大小，变态时的活动年龄存在POLS。相对生长率与之前未接受过测试的较老蝌蚪活动的个体内变异呈正相关。在之前接受过测试的较老蝌蚪中，探索行为的个体内变异与相对生长率呈负相关，冒险行为的个体内变异与相对生长率呈正相关。我们为未接触过捕食者和同种个体的蝌蚪中的行为一致性和POLS提供了证据。个体内行为变异也与生活史相关，表明其与POLS理论的相关性。与标准行为测试相关的适度干扰对后期行为的强烈影响，让人们注意到重复测试中存在的陷阱。
