Madl Tamas, Chen Ke, Montaldi Daniela, Trappl Robert
School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna A-1010, Austria.
School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
Neural Netw. 2015 May;65:18-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2015.01.002. Epub 2015 Jan 20.
Spatial memory refers to the part of the memory system that encodes, stores, recognizes and recalls spatial information about the environment and the agent's orientation within it. Such information is required to be able to navigate to goal locations, and is vitally important for any embodied agent, or model thereof, for reaching goals in a spatially extended environment. In this paper, a number of computationally implemented cognitive models of spatial memory are reviewed and compared. Three categories of models are considered: symbolic models, neural network models, and models that are part of a systems-level cognitive architecture. Representative models from each category are described and compared in a number of dimensions along which simulation models can differ (level of modeling, types of representation, structural accuracy, generality and abstraction, environment complexity), including their possible mapping to the underlying neural substrate. Neural mappings are rarely explicated in the context of behaviorally validated models, but they could be useful to cognitive modeling research by providing a new approach for investigating a model's plausibility. Finally, suggested experimental neuroscience methods are described for verifying the biological plausibility of computational cognitive models of spatial memory, and open questions for the field of spatial memory modeling are outlined.
空间记忆是指记忆系统中对有关环境以及主体在其中的方位的空间信息进行编码、存储、识别和回忆的部分。要能够导航至目标位置就需要此类信息，对于任何具身主体或其模型而言，在空间扩展环境中达成目标，此类信息至关重要。本文对一些通过计算实现的空间记忆认知模型进行了综述和比较。考虑了三类模型：符号模型、神经网络模型以及作为系统级认知架构一部分的模型。对每一类中的代表性模型进行了描述，并在模拟模型可能存在差异的多个维度（建模水平、表征类型、结构准确性、通用性和抽象性、环境复杂性）上进行了比较，包括它们与潜在神经基质的可能映射。在经过行为验证的模型背景下，神经映射很少得到阐释，但通过提供一种研究模型合理性的新方法，它们可能对认知建模研究有用。最后，描述了建议用于验证空间记忆计算认知模型生物学合理性的实验神经科学方法，并概述了空间记忆建模领域的开放性问题。
