National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR
National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2015 Nov;17(11):1297-310. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv002. Epub 2015 Feb 10.
Cigarette smoking is largely driven by the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Intravenous (IV) self-administration procedures are the gold standard for investigating the reinforcing effects of psychoactive drugs. The goal of this review was to examine the results of published investigations of the reinforcing effects of nicotine measured using IV self-administration procedures in humans and nonhuman primates.
The body of literature using nonhuman primate subjects indicates nicotine functions as a positive reinforcer when available for self-administration via IV catheters. However, it can also be difficult to establish IV nicotine self-administration in nonhuman primates and sometimes supplemental strategies have been required (e.g., priming injections or food deprivation) before subjects acquire the behavior. Although the body of literature using human subjects is limited, the evidence indicates nicotine functions as a reinforcer via the IV route of administration in adult cigarette smokers. Rates of nicotine self-injection can be variable across subjects and responding is sometimes inconsistent across sessions in both humans and nonhuman primates.
The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, enacted in 2009, gave the Food and Drug Administration regulatory authority over the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products. Research examining the threshold reinforcing doses for initiation and maintenance of nicotine self-administration, comparisons of the reinforcing effects of nicotine in adolescent versus adult subjects, investigations of gender differences in the reinforcing effects of nicotine, and studies of the abuse liability of non-nicotine tobacco product constituents and their ability to alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine will inform potential tobacco regulatory actions.
吸烟在很大程度上是由尼古丁的强化特性驱动的。静脉内（IV）自我给药程序是研究精神活性药物强化作用的金标准。本综述的目的是检查使用 IV 自我给药程序在人类和非人类灵长类动物中测量尼古丁强化作用的已发表研究结果。
使用非人类灵长类动物作为研究对象的文献表明，当通过 IV 导管可获得尼古丁自我给药时，尼古丁作为正强化物起作用。然而，在非人类灵长类动物中建立 IV 尼古丁自我给药有时也很困难，有时在动物获得该行为之前需要补充策略（例如，启动注射或禁食）。尽管使用人类作为研究对象的文献有限，但有证据表明尼古丁通过 IV 途径给药在成年吸烟人群中具有强化作用。尼古丁自我注射的速度在不同的研究对象之间可能会有所不同，并且在人类和非人类灵长类动物中，在不同的实验中，反应有时并不一致。
2009 年颁布的《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》赋予了食品和药物管理局对烟草产品的制造、营销和分销的监管权。研究检查了尼古丁自我给药的起始和维持的强化剂量阈值，比较了尼古丁在青少年和成年人群中的强化作用，调查了尼古丁强化作用的性别差异，以及非尼古丁烟草产品成分的滥用倾向及其改变尼古丁强化作用的能力，这些研究将为潜在的烟草监管行动提供信息。
