Beach F A
Ciba Found Symp. 1978(62):113-43. doi: 10.1002/9780470720448.ch7.
The value of animal models in biomedical research is firmly established, and many basic principles of human psychology have been explicated as the result of comparative studies. There is pressing need for non-human models in the behavioural sciences as represented by psychiatry, psychology and ethology; and such models should be constructed, provided their validity can be assured. Valid models cannot be based exclusively on similarity in the formal properties of behaviour. Commonality of descriptive terms as applied to different species does not guarantee identity of the concepts to which the terms apply. Model builders must evaluate interspecific similarities and differences in the causes, mediating mechanisms and functional outcomes of behaviour. The validity of interspecific generalization can never exceed the reliability of intraspecific analysis; and the latter is an indispensable antecedent of the former. Existing and potential models for homosexuality and other psychosexual characteristics of human beings are evaluated within the perspective provided by the foregoing generalizations.
动物模型在生物医学研究中的价值已得到牢固确立，并且许多人类心理学的基本原理已作为比较研究的结果得以阐明。在以精神病学、心理学和动物行为学为代表的行为科学中，对非人类模型有着迫切需求；并且只要能确保其有效性，就应该构建这样的模型。有效的模型不能仅仅基于行为形式属性的相似性。应用于不同物种的描述性术语的共性并不能保证这些术语所适用的概念的一致性。模型构建者必须评估行为的原因、中介机制和功能结果在种间的异同。种间概括的有效性永远不能超过种内分析的可靠性；而后者是前者不可或缺的前提。本文将根据上述概括所提供的视角，对现有的和潜在的关于人类同性恋及其他性心理特征的模型进行评估。
