Kominsky Jonathan F, Phillips Jonathan, Gerstenberg Tobias, Lagnado David, Knobe Joshua
Yale University, United States.
Yale University, United States.
Cognition. 2015 Apr;137:196-209. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.013. Epub 2015 Feb 17.
When agents violate norms, they are typically judged to be more of a cause of resulting outcomes. In this paper, we suggest that norm violations also affect the causality attributed to other agents, a phenomenon we refer to as "causal superseding." We propose and test a counterfactual reasoning model of this phenomenon in four experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 provide an initial demonstration of the causal superseding effect and distinguish it from previously studied effects. Experiment 3 shows that this causal superseding effect is dependent on a particular event structure, following a prediction of our counterfactual model. Experiment 4 demonstrates that causal superseding can occur with violations of non-moral norms. We propose a model of the superseding effect based on the idea of counterfactual sufficiency.
当主体违反规范时，他们通常被认为是导致结果产生的更大原因。在本文中，我们认为规范违反也会影响赋予其他主体的因果关系，我们将这一现象称为“因果替代”。我们在四个实验中提出并测试了关于这一现象的反事实推理模型。实验1和实验2初步证明了因果替代效应，并将其与先前研究的效应区分开来。实验3表明，根据我们反事实模型的预测，这种因果替代效应依赖于特定的事件结构。实验4表明，违反非道德规范时也会出现因果替代。我们基于反事实充分性的概念提出了一个替代效应模型。
