EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
CEA Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 17, Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
Environ Int. 2015 Apr;77:132-47. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.013. Epub 2015 Feb 18.
In the context of assessing potential risks of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), life cycle thinking can represent a holistic view on the impacts of ENPs through the entire value chain of nano-enhanced products from production, through use, and finally to disposal. Exposure to ENPs in consumer or environmental settings may either be to the original, pristine ENPs, or more likely, to ENPs that have been incorporated into products, released, aged and transformed. Here, key product-use related aging and transformation processes affecting ENPs are reviewed. The focus is on processes resulting in ENP release and on the transformation(s) the released particles undergo in the use and disposal phases of its product life cycle for several nanomaterials (Ag, ZnO, TiO2, carbon nanotubes, CeO2, SiO2 etc.). These include photochemical transformations, oxidation and reduction, dissolution, precipitation, adsorption and desorption, combustion, abrasion and biotransformation, among other biogeochemical processes. To date, few studies have tried to establish what changes the ENPs undergo when they are incorporated into, and released from, products. As a result there is major uncertainty as to the state of many ENPs following their release because much of current testing on pristine ENPs may not be fully relevant for risk assessment purposes. The goal of this present review is therefore to use knowledge on the life cycle of nano-products to derive possible transformations common ENPs in nano-products may undergo based on how these products will be used by the consumer and eventually discarded. By determining specific gaps in knowledge of the ENP transformation process, this approach should prove useful in narrowing the number of physical experiments that need to be conducted and illuminate where more focused effort can be placed.
在评估工程纳米粒子（ENP）的潜在风险时，生命周期思维可以从纳米增强产品的整个价值链的角度全面考虑 ENP 的影响，从生产到使用，最后到处置。在消费者或环境环境中接触 ENP，可能是接触原始的、原始的 ENP，或者更有可能是接触已经纳入产品、释放、老化和转化的 ENP。在这里，审查了影响 ENP 的关键产品使用相关老化和转化过程。重点是导致 ENP 释放的过程，以及在产品生命周期的使用和处置阶段释放颗粒经历的转化（s），对于几种纳米材料（Ag、ZnO、TiO2、碳纳米管、CeO2、SiO2 等）。这些过程包括光化学转化、氧化还原、溶解、沉淀、吸附和解吸、燃烧、磨损和生物转化以及其他生物地球化学过程。迄今为止，很少有研究试图确定 ENP 在被纳入和从产品中释放时会发生什么变化。因此，对于许多 ENP 在释放后的状态存在很大的不确定性，因为目前对原始 ENP 的许多测试可能不完全适用于风险评估目的。因此，本综述的目的是利用纳米产品生命周期的知识，根据消费者使用纳米产品的方式以及最终的处置方式，推导出纳米产品中常见的 ENP 可能经历的可能转化。通过确定 ENP 转化过程知识的具体差距，这种方法应该有助于减少需要进行的物理实验数量，并阐明可以在哪里投入更多的重点努力。
