Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 10 (huispost 126), 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
P089, King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 May;52:74-88. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.009. Epub 2015 Feb 21.
Compulsivity and impulsivity are cross-disorder traits observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Aberrant fronto-striatal glutamatergic signalling is core to the understanding of compulsive and impulsive disorders. In this review, the glutamate (Glu) neurochemistry of fronto-striatal circuits in paediatric and adult ASD, ADHD and OCD, as described in 59 studies, is outlined from the perspective of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). Despite the methodological inconsistencies between studies, two observations stand out that form possible hypotheses for future studies. Firstly, a possible increase in Glx (combination of Glu, glutamine and GABA) in the striatum across ADHD, OCD and ASD. Secondly, an increased Glx signal in the anterior cingulate cortex in paediatric ASD and ADHD but a lower Glx signal in adult ASD and ADHD. This suggests neurodevelopmental changes in fronto-striatal glutamatergic circuits across the lifespan. Future studies should incorporate more homogeneous samples, perform MRS at field strengths of at least 3 Tesla and provide much more precise and standardized information on methods to improve our understanding of fronto-striatal glutamatergic transmission in compulsive and impulsive syndromes.
强迫性和冲动性是自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）、注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和强迫症（OCD）中观察到的跨障碍特征。额纹状体谷氨酸能信号异常是理解强迫性和冲动性障碍的核心。在这篇综述中，从质子磁共振波谱（1H MRS）的角度概述了 59 项研究中描述的儿科和成人 ASD、ADHD 和 OCD 中额纹状体回路的谷氨酸（Glu）神经化学。尽管研究之间存在方法学上的不一致，但有两个观察结果引人注目，可能为未来的研究形成假设。首先，纹状体中 Glx（谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺和 GABA 的组合）在 ADHD、OCD 和 ASD 中可能增加。其次，在儿科 ASD 和 ADHD 中前扣带皮层的 Glx 信号增加，但在成年 ASD 和 ADHD 中 Glx 信号降低。这表明在整个生命周期中，额纹状体谷氨酸能回路发生了神经发育变化。未来的研究应纳入更同质的样本，在至少 3 特斯拉的场强下进行 MRS，并提供更精确和标准化的方法信息，以提高我们对强迫性和冲动性综合征中额纹状体谷氨酸传递的理解。
