Di Pietro Giuliano, Cardoso Damaris Santana, da Silva Heloisa Mendonça Bernini Soares, Santos Jessyca Costa, Dos Santos Jordana Rosa, Simões Rodrigo Almeida
a Department of Pharmacy (G.D., D.S.C., R.A.S.), Department of Nutrition (H.M.B.S.D.), and Department of Nursing (J.C.S., J.R.D.), Federal University of Sergipe , Sergipe , BRAZIL.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(3):191-8. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.926162. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
To assess the relationship between socioeconomic and anthropometric data, frequency of food consumption, and the development of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in patients from a small rural town in northeastern Brazil.
A cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed on patients from the Lagarto City Hospital (n = 50) and from family health units (n = 370).
The 420 patients in the study had one or more NCDs such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. The mean age was 63.1 ± 8.7 years for both sexes. The typical patient was of mixed or black descent (66%), a farmer, and of low socioeconomic status and education; 100% of men and 84% of women were illiterate or had less than 4 years of schooling. Approximately 50% of women and 89% of men were married and most had never used tobacco or were ex-smokers. The body mass index (BMI) of the study population was 29.4 ± 5.5 kg/m(2), where 70% of the patients were type 2 diabetic with waist circumferences of 99.8 ± 21.2 cm for men and 98.1 ± 13.9 cm for women. The correlation between BMI and waist circumference was r = 0.88. Even with the use of medication, total cholesterol levels of above 240 mg/dL were recorded in 10% of women and about 5% of men. Likewise, 10% of women and 100% of men had triglyceride levels above 200 mg/dL; glucose levels were 133.6 ± 47.4 mg/dL in men and 110.8 ± 38.8 mg/dL in women. Blood pressure values were high, even in patients using one or more antihypertensive drugs for at least 2 years (systolic pressure = 128.5 ± 18.2; diastolic pressure = 86.3 ± 8.9 mmHg). Indices considered above the limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) were obtained for 60% of women and 100% of men. Our research revealed that this population is characterized by a relatively low intake of fats and oils. Nevertheless, 100% of patients consumed meat every day, 57.6% never consumed processed foods such as candy or soft drinks, and 89% consumed coffee daily. Furthermore, the consumption of fruits was very low: 46.6% of respondents never ate fruit and 7.8% rarely consumed fruit. Likewise, 68.2% reported never eating milk and dairy products. Vegetables were consumed by only 51.4% of the population and 38.5% rarely or never consumed green vegetables. Products made from wheat, maize, cassava, beans, and rice were often consumed by 59.2% of the population.
Our results indicate that the studied population is affected by nutritional transition, in which the greater access to carbohydrates and animal proteins is associated with high BMI, with the vast majority overweight and suffering from uncontrolled hypertension despite the use of medications. The high consumption of carbohydrates and animal protein, rapid urbanization, and sedentary lifestyle are the main factors responsible for the epidemic of noncommunicable diseases, especially among people with low income and education. Men are particularly affected, with increased visceral fat characterized by an increased waist circumference.
评估巴西东北部一个小乡村城镇患者的社会经济和人体测量数据、食物消费频率与非传染性疾病（NCDs）发展之间的关系。
对拉加托市医院（n = 50）和家庭健康单位（n = 370）的患者进行了横断面问卷调查研究。
该研究中的420名患者患有一种或多种非传染性疾病，如高血压、2型糖尿病和血脂异常。男女平均年龄为63.1±8.7岁。典型患者为混血或黑人后裔（66%），是农民，社会经济地位和教育程度较低；100%的男性和84%的女性为文盲或受教育年限不足4年。约50%的女性和89%的男性已婚，大多数人从未使用过烟草或已戒烟。研究人群的体重指数（BMI）为29.4±5.5kg/m²，其中70%的患者为2型糖尿病患者，男性腰围为99.8±21.2cm，女性腰围为98.1±13.9cm。BMI与腰围的相关性为r = 0.88。即使使用了药物，仍有10%的女性和约5%的男性总胆固醇水平超过240mg/dL。同样，10%的女性和100%的男性甘油三酯水平超过200mg/dL；男性血糖水平为133.6±47.4mg/dL，女性为110.8±38.8mg/dL。即使在使用一种或多种抗高血压药物至少2年的患者中，血压值也很高（收缩压 = 128.5±18.2；舒张压 = 86.3±8.9mmHg）。60%的女性和100%的男性获得的指标高于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的限值。我们的研究表明，该人群的特点是油脂摄入量相对较低。然而，100%的患者每天都吃肉，57.6%的人从未食用过糖果或软饮料等加工食品，89%的人每天喝咖啡。此外，水果消费量非常低：46.6%的受访者从未吃过水果，7.8%的人很少吃水果。同样，68.2%的人报告从未吃过牛奶和奶制品。只有51.4%的人食用蔬菜，38.5%的人很少或从未食用绿色蔬菜。59.2%的人经常食用小麦、玉米、木薯、豆类和大米制成的产品。
我们的结果表明，所研究的人群受到营养转型的影响，其中碳水化合物和动物蛋白的摄入量增加与高BMI相关，尽管使用了药物，但绝大多数人超重且患有未得到控制的高血压。碳水化合物和动物蛋白的高消费、快速城市化和久坐不动的生活方式是导致非传染性疾病流行的主要因素，尤其是在低收入和低教育人群中。男性受影响尤为严重，以腰围增加为特征的内脏脂肪增多。
