Long-term results of biological grafts for haemodialysis vascular access.

The quest for suitable conduits for dialysis access has continued since the first patients were dialysed. Whilst synthetic grafts made from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) have been the main definitive option after autologous arteriovenous fistulas they have a number of drawbacks, which has led to the use and development of biological grafts such as autografts, homografts or xenografts. Technology continues to improve and currently biosynthetic options are available which may combine the benefits of a readily available product without the drawbacks of PTFE. The history and evidence of biological options for haemodialysis access are discussed.