Benjelloun A, El Harrak M, Belkadi B
Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
Poste de Commandement Central de Lutte Contre La Grippe Aviaire, Rabat, Morocco.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2016 Dec;63(6):e153-e159. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12341. Epub 2015 Mar 6.
West Nile fever (WNF) or West Nile disease (WND) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that can affect birds, humans and horses. West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. WNV is maintained in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle, whereas humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts. In human and horses, symptoms range from unapparent infection to mild febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis or death. WNV has a wide geographical range that includes portions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia (Kunjin virus), and in North, Central and South America. Migratory birds are thought to be primarily responsible for virus dispersal, including reintroduction of WNV from endemic areas into regions that experience sporadic outbreaks (Fields Virology, 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 1043-1125). The occurrence of disease in humans and animals along with birds and mosquitoes surveillance for WNV activity demonstrates that the virus range has dramatically expanded including North, Central and South America as well as Europe and countries facing the Mediterranean Basin. WND infection in humans has been reported in Morocco in 1996 (Virologie, 1, 1997, 248), in Tunisia in 2007 (Ann. N. Y. Acad., 951, 2001, 117) (Med. Trop., 61, 2001, 487) and 2003 (Epidémiologie de la fièvre West Nile, 2012, Thèse de doctorat, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et techniques du Langueduc, Montpellier, France), and in Algeria in 1994 (Rev. Sci. Tech., 31, 2012, 829). Outbreaks of equine encephalitis have been also reported in Morocco in 1996 (Bull. OIE, 11, 1996, 867), in 2003 (Emerg. Infect. Dis., 11, 2005, 306) and in 2010 (World Animal Health Information Database. WAHID, 2010). Serological evidence of WNV has been demonstrated in the three countries in many species. The aim of this review was to assess the epidemiological situation of WND in north-west Africa comprising Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, with an updated literature review based on of human cases and equine outbreaks reports as well as serological studies in these countries.
西尼罗河热(WNF)或西尼罗河病(WND)是一种由蚊子传播的病毒性疾病,可影响鸟类、人类和马匹。西尼罗河病毒(WNV)是黄病毒科黄病毒属的成员。WNV在蚊子-鸟类-蚊子的传播循环中维持存在,而人类和马匹被视为终末宿主。在人类和马匹中,症状范围从不明显感染到轻度发热性疾病、脑膜炎、脑炎或死亡。WNV具有广泛的地理分布范围,包括欧洲、亚洲、非洲、澳大利亚(昆金病毒)的部分地区,以及北美洲、中美洲和南美洲。候鸟被认为是病毒传播的主要原因,包括将WNV从流行地区重新引入经历零星疫情爆发的地区(《Fields病毒学》,2001年,Lippincott Williams and Wilkins出版社,美国宾夕法尼亚州费城,第1043 - 1125页)。人类、动物以及鸟类和蚊子的WNV活动监测表明,该病毒的分布范围已大幅扩大,包括北美洲、中美洲和南美洲以及欧洲和地中海盆地周边国家。1996年在摩洛哥报告了人类感染WND(《病毒学》,第1卷,1997年,第248页),2007年在突尼斯报告了人类感染WND(《纽约科学院学报》,第951卷,2001年,第117页)(《热带医学》,第61卷,2001年,第487页)以及2003年在突尼斯报告了人类感染WND(《西尼罗河热流行病学》,2012年,博士论文,法国蒙比利埃第二大学,朗格多克科学技术大学,蒙比利埃),1994年在阿尔及利亚报告了人类感染WND(《科学技术评论》,第31卷,2012年,第829页)。1996年在摩洛哥报告了马脑炎疫情(《国际兽疫局公报》,第11卷,1996年,第867页),2003年在摩洛哥报告了马脑炎疫情(《新发传染病》,第11卷,2005年,第306页)以及2010年在摩洛哥报告了马脑炎疫情(世界动物卫生信息数据库。WAHID,2010年)。在这三个国家的许多物种中都已证实存在WNV的血清学证据。本综述的目的是评估包括摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和突尼斯在内的西北非洲WND的流行病学情况,并根据这些国家的人类病例报告、马疫情报告以及血清学研究进行文献综述更新。