Theoretical investigation on the glycan-binding specificity of Agrocybe cylindracea galectin using molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation studies.

Galectins are β-galactoside binding proteins which have the ability to serve as potent antitumor, cancer biomarker, and induce tumor cell apoptosis. Agrocybe cylindracea galectin (ACG) is a fungal galectin which specifically recognizes α(2,3)-linked sialyllactose at the cell surface that plays extensive roles in the biological recognition processes. To investigate the change in glycan-binding specificity upon mutations, single point and double point site-directed in silico mutations are performed at the binding pocket of ACG. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies are carried out for the wild-type (ACG) and single point (ACG1) and double point (ACG2) mutated ACGs to investigate the dynamics of substituted mutants and their interactions with the receptor sialyllactose. Plausible binding modes are proposed for galectin-sialylglycan complexes based on the analysis of hydrogen bonding interactions, total pair-wise interaction energy between the interacting binding site residues and sialyllactose and binding free energy of the complexes using molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area. Our result shows that high contribution to the binding in different modes is due to the direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds. The binding specificity of double point mutant Y59R/N140Q of ACG2 is found to be high, and it has 26 direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds with a relatively low-binding free energy of -47.52 ± 5.2 kcal/mol. We also observe that the substituted mutant Arg59 is crucial for glycan-binding and for the preference of α(2,3)-linked sialyllactose at the binding pocket of ACG2 galectin. When compared with the wild-type and single point mutant, the double point mutant exhibits enhanced affinity towards α(2,3)-linked sialyllactose, which can be effectively used as a model for biological cell marker in cancer therapeutics.