Freshwater M Felix
Dr Freshwater is a Voluntary Professor of Surgery at the University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
Aesthet Surg J. 2015 Aug;35(6):748-58. doi: 10.1093/asj/sju157. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
September 2014 marked the bicentennial of the birth of modern plastic surgery. It was then that Carpue began a prospective observational study of nasal reconstruction that culminated in his 1816 monograph, which caused an explosion of interest in reconstructive surgery throughout Europe. In conducting his study, Carpue demonstrated ethical standards and the power of planning a procedure. His methods to document his results accurately would remain unsurpassed until photography was adopted at the end of the 19th century. Carpue took an apocryphal story of surgery performed in India more than twenty years earlier and transformed it into the beginning of modern plastic surgery. He succeeded in a number of unrecognized tasks that are themselves landmarks not only in plastic surgical history, but surgical history: devising the first prospective observational study, using exclusion criteria, maintaining appropriate patient confidentiality, setting a standard for preoperative disclosure and ethical approval over a century before these measures were codified, having independent documentation of his preoperative and postoperative findings, devising a method to objectively monitor and document the forehead flap, and describing the potential value of tissue expansion. He shared his experience by publishing his results and by lecturing in Europe. His contemporaries recognized him for his contributions and he was honored by election to the Royal Society. Carpue launched the modern era of plastic surgery in an ethical, logical, and objective manner. While plastic surgery has changed in the last two centuries, the principles that Carpue followed remain valid.
2014年9月是现代整形外科学诞生200周年。就在那时，卡普开始了一项鼻再造的前瞻性观察研究，该研究最终形成了他1816年的专著，在整个欧洲引发了对整形手术的极大兴趣。在进行研究的过程中，卡普展示了道德标准以及规划手术的能力。直到19世纪末摄影技术被采用之前，他准确记录结果的方法一直无人能及。卡普采用了一个二十多年前在印度实施的未经证实的外科手术故事，并将其转变为现代整形外科学的开端。他成功完成了许多未被认可的任务，这些任务本身不仅是整形手术史上的里程碑，也是外科手术史上的里程碑：设计了第一项前瞻性观察研究，使用了排除标准，保持了对患者的适当保密，在这些措施被编纂成法典的一个多世纪之前就设定了术前披露和伦理批准的标准，对术前和术后的发现有独立的记录，设计了一种客观监测和记录额部皮瓣的方法，并描述了组织扩张的潜在价值。他通过发表研究结果和在欧洲讲学来分享自己的经验。他的同时代人认可他的贡献，他被选入皇家学会，备受赞誉。卡普以合乎道德、合乎逻辑且客观的方式开启了整形手术的现代时代。在过去的两个世纪里，整形手术虽然发生了变化，但卡普所遵循的原则仍然有效。
