Genetic trace metal disturbances.

Genetic trace metal disturbances can be at three levels. Trace metals play an important role in the metabolism of genetic macromolecules and the information transfer system. Deficiency or excess of trace metals caused either by dietary or genetic factors will affect the normal functioning of the whole organism. The roles of trace metals in carcinogenesis/mutagenesis and ageing are typical of this category. The second level of genetic trace metal disturbances affect the metabolic pathway of the trace metal itself. Biochemical derangement resulting from genetic defects cause aberrant metabolism of the element and thus disease symptoms. Diseases caused by abnormal metabolism of copper, zinc, iron, and molybdenum are discussed. Trace metal disturbances can also be the result of other genetic diseases. This aspect of genetic trace metal disturbances is least investigated. However, information should be important for improving the existing treatment protocol for the more common inborn errors of metabolism, such as phenylketonuria.