Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Aug;22(15):11526-42. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4394-x. Epub 2015 Apr 2.
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) emitted by eight different light-duty vehicles. Exhaust samples from petrol and diesel cars (Euro 3 to Euro 5) were collected in a chassis dynamometer facility. To simulate the real-world driving conditions, three ARTEMIS cycles were followed: road, to simulate a fluid traffic flow and urban with hot and cold starts, to simulate driving conditions in cities. Samples were analysed for the water-soluble ions, for the elemental composition and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively, by ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nitrate and phosphate were the major water-soluble ions in the exhaust particles emitted from diesel and petrol vehicles, respectively. The amount of material emitted is affected by the vehicle age. For vehicles ≥Euro 4, most elements were below the detection limits. Sodium, with emission factors in the ranges 23.5-62.4 and 78.2-227μg km(-1), for petrol and diesel Euro 3 vehicles, respectively, was the major element. The emission factors of metallic elements indicated that diesel vehicles release three to five times more than petrol automobiles. Element emissions under urban cycles are higher than those found for on-road driving, being three or four times higher, for petrol vehicles, and two or three times, for diesel vehicles. The difference between cycles is mainly due to the high emissions for the urban cycle with hot start-up. As registered for elements, most of the PAH emissions for vehicles ≥Euro 4 were also below the detection limits. Regardless of the vehicle models or driving cycles, the two- to four-ring PAHs were always dominant. Naphthalene, with emission factors up to 925 μg km(-1), was always the most abundant PAH. The relative cancer risk associated with naphthalene was estimated to be up to several orders of magnitude higher than any of the chemical species found in the PM phase. The highest PAH emission factors were registered for diesel-powered vehicles. The condition of the vehicle can exert a decisive influence on both element and PAH emissions.
本工作的主要目的是评估 8 种不同轻型车排放的颗粒物（PM）的化学组成。在底盘测功机设施中收集了汽油和柴油车（欧 3 至欧 5）的废气样本。为了模拟实际驾驶条件，分别进行了三个 ARTEMIS 循环：道路循环，模拟流畅的交通流量；城市循环，包括热启动和冷启动，模拟城市驾驶条件。分别通过离子色谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）、电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对水溶性离子、元素组成和多环芳烃（PAHs）进行了分析。硝酸盐和磷酸盐分别是柴油和汽油车辆排放的颗粒物中主要的水溶性离子。排放量受车辆年龄的影响。对于≥欧 4 的车辆，大多数元素都低于检测限。钠是主要元素，对于汽油和柴油欧 3 车辆，排放因子分别在 23.5-62.4 和 78.2-227μg km(-1) 范围内。在城市循环下，金属元素的排放因子表明柴油车比汽油车多释放 3 到 5 倍。与道路行驶相比，城市循环下的排放更高，对于汽油车而言，排放高出 3 到 4 倍，对于柴油车而言，排放高出 2 到 3 倍。这种循环之间的差异主要是由于热启动的城市循环下的高排放造成的。对于元素而言，大多数≥欧 4 车辆的 PAH 排放也低于检测限。无论车辆型号或驾驶循环如何，双环和四环 PAH 始终占主导地位。萘的排放因子高达 925μg km(-1)，始终是最丰富的 PAH。萘与相关的相对癌症风险估计比 PM 相中的任何化学物质高几个数量级。柴油车的 PAH 排放因子最高。车辆状况对元素和 PAH 排放都有决定性的影响。
