Zhang Dong-Qing, Jinadasa K B S N, Gersberg Richard M, Liu Yu, Tan Soon Keat, Ng Wun Jern
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, #06-10, 637141, Singapore.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
J Environ Sci (China). 2015 Apr 1;30:30-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.013. Epub 2015 Feb 24.
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural (environmental) systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice, applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid (TSS) (91.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.3%), and nitrogen (i.e., 80.7% for ammonium (NH)4-N, 80.8% for nitrate (NO)3-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen (TN)) as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) CWs removed TSS (84.9%), BOD (87.6%), and nitrogen (i.e., 66.2% for NH4-N, 73.3% for NO3-N, and 53.3% for TN) more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs (69.8%) showed better total phosphorus (TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs (60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD (70.7%), NH4-N (63.6%), and TP (44.8%) to free water surface (FWS) CW systems.
几十年来，人工湿地已成功用于处理各种废水，并被视为发展中国家可持续废水管理的一种选择。为了促进既支持人类福祉又与维持自然（环境）系统兼容的可持续工程系统，人工湿地的应用变得更加重要。对于热带气候的发展中国家而言，这种应用尤为重要，因为热带气候非常有利于更高的生物活性和生产力，与温带气候相比，处理效率更高。因此，本文重点介绍了自2000年以来热带和亚热带条件下处理湿地的实践、应用和研究。在本综述中，所有类型的处理湿地对生化需氧量（BOD）和总悬浮固体（TSS）的去除都非常有效且一致。与其他湿地系统相比，混合系统在去除总悬浮固体（TSS）（91.3%）、化学需氧量（COD）（84.3%）和氮（即铵（NH）4-N为80.7%、硝酸盐（NO）3-N为80.8%、总氮（TN）为75.4%）方面似乎更有效。垂直潜流（VSSF）人工湿地去除TSS（84.9%）、BOD（87.6%）和氮（即NH4-N为66.2%、NO3-N为73.3%、TN为53.3%）的效率高于水平潜流（HSSF）人工湿地，而HSSF人工湿地（69.8%）去除总磷（TP）的效果优于VSSF人工湿地（60.1%）。漂浮处理湿地（FTW）对BOD（70.7%）、NH4-N（63.6%）和TP（44.8%）的去除效率与自由水面（FWS）人工湿地系统相当。
