Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Jul 1;169:441-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.042. Epub 2015 Apr 30.
Several members of the genus Lignosus, which are collectively known as cendawan susu rimau (in Malay) or tiger׳s milk mushrooms (TMM), are regarded as important local medicine particularly by the indigenous communities in Malaysia. The mushroom sclerotia are purportedly effective in treating cancer, coughs, asthma, fever, and other ailments. The most commonly encountered Lignosus spp. in Malaysia was authenticated as Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (synonym: Polyporus rhinocerus), which is also known as hurulingzhi in China and has been used by Chinese physicians to treat liver cancer, gastric ulcers, and chronic hepatitis. In spite of growing interest in the therapeutic potential of TMM, there is no compilation of scientific evidence that supports the ethnomedicinal uses of these mushrooms. Therefore, the present review is intended (i) to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities, and cultivation of TMM in general and L. rhinocerotis in particular, (ii) to demonstrate how recent scientific findings have validated some of their traditional uses, and (iii) to identify opportunities for future research and areas to prioritize for TMM bioprospecting.
A detailed literature search was conducted via library search (books, theses, reports, newspapers, magazines, and conference proceedings) and electronic search (Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals. These sources were scrutinized for information on TMM and specifically for L. rhinocerotis.
Ethnomycological knowledge about TMM, with an emphasis on cultural associations and use as local medicine, has been comprehensively and systematically compiled for the first time. Some of the reported medicinal properties of TMM have been validated by scientific studies. The anti-tumor, immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, neurite outgrowth stimulation, and other pharmacological activities of L. rhinocerotis sclerotial extracts have been explored. The nature of sclerotial bioactive components, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and/or polysaccharide-protein complexes, has been identified, whereas the low-molecular-weight constituents remain poorly studied. The artificial cultivation of L. rhinocerotis via solid substrate and liquid fermentations successfully yielded fruiting bodies, sclerotium, mycelium, and culture broth that could be exploited as substitutes for the wild resources. The cultivated sclerotium and mycelium were shown to be safe from a toxicological point of view. Other research areas, e.g., chemical studies, genomics, and proteomics, have been employed to gain insights into the medicinal properties of TMM.
This review clarified the medicinal properties of TMM as recorded in various ethnomycological records, and it simultaneously highlighted the current efforts to provide scientific evidence by using various in vitro and in vivo models. Thus far, only the anti-tumor and immuno-modulatory effects of L. rhinocerotis sclerotial aqueous extracts have been extensively investigated, and other medicinal properties relevant to their traditional uses, e.g., anti-tussive and anti-pyretic properties, have yet to be validated. Further studies focusing on (i) the isolation and characterization of active components, (ii) the elucidation of their modes of action, and (iii) an evaluation of their safety and efficacy, when compared with the crude aqueous preparations, are warranted to accelerate potential drug discovery from TMM.
被称为“牛奶菇”（马来语）或“老虎奶蘑菇”（TMM）的一些栓菌属成员，被认为是马来西亚土著社区特别重要的当地药物。据说蘑菇菌核对治疗癌症、咳嗽、哮喘、发烧和其他疾病有效。在马来西亚最常见的栓菌属物种被确认为栓菌 rhinocerotis（Cooke）Ryvarden（同义词：Polyporus rhinocerus），在中国也被称为 hurulingzhi，中国医生曾用它来治疗肝癌、胃溃疡和慢性肝炎。尽管人们对 TMM 的治疗潜力越来越感兴趣，但没有科学证据支持这些蘑菇的民族医学用途。因此，本综述旨在：（i）提供 TMM 一般和 rhinocerotis 特别是的民族医学用途、药理学活性和栽培的全面、最新概述；（ii）展示最近的科学发现如何验证了它们的一些传统用途；（iii）确定未来研究的机会和优先考虑 TMM 生物勘探的领域。
通过图书馆搜索（书籍、论文、报告、报纸、杂志和会议记录）和电子搜索（Web of Science、PubMed 和 Google Scholar）对已发表的同行评议期刊文章进行详细的文献检索，对这些来源进行了仔细检查，以获取有关 TMM 的信息，特别是有关 rhinocerotis 的信息。
首次全面系统地汇编了有关 TMM 的民族真菌学知识，重点是文化关联和作为当地药物的使用。TMM 的一些报告的药用特性已通过科学研究得到验证。研究了 rhinocerotis 菌核提取物的抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化、抗微生物、神经突生长刺激和其他药理学活性。已经鉴定了菌核生物活性成分的性质，例如蛋白质、多糖和/或多糖-蛋白质复合物，而低分子量成分研究甚少。通过固体基质和液体发酵成功地栽培了 rhinocerotis，获得了可作为野生资源替代品的子实体、菌核、菌丝体和培养液。从毒理学角度来看，栽培的菌核和菌丝体被证明是安全的。其他研究领域，例如化学研究、基因组学和蛋白质组学，已被用于深入了解 TMM 的药用特性。
本综述阐明了各种民族真菌学记录中记录的 TMM 的药用特性，同时强调了目前使用各种体外和体内模型提供科学证据的努力。迄今为止，仅对 rhinocerotis 菌核水提物的抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用进行了广泛研究，而其他与传统用途相关的药用特性，例如镇咳和解热作用，尚未得到验证。需要进一步研究集中于（i）活性成分的分离和表征，（ii）作用方式的阐明，以及（iii）与粗提物相比，对其安全性和功效的评估，以加速从 TMM 中发现潜在药物。
