Sappok M A, Peréz Gutiérrez O, Smidt H, Pellikaan W F, Verstegen M W A, Bosch G, Hendriks W H
1Animal Nutrition Group,Department of Animal Sciences,Wageningen University,P.O. Box 338,6700 AH Wageningen,the Netherlands.
2Laboratory of Microbiology,Wageningen University,Dreijenplein 10,6703 HB Wageningen,the Netherlands.
Animal. 2015 Sep;9(9):1453-64. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115000865. Epub 2015 May 22.
In vitro gas production studies are routinely used to assess the metabolic capacity of intestinal microbiota to ferment dietary fibre sources. The faecal inocula used during the in vitro gas production procedure are most often obtained from animals adapted to a certain diet. The present study was designed to assess whether 19 days of adaptation to a diet are sufficient for faecal inocula of pigs to reach a stable microbial composition and activity as determined by in vitro gas production. Eighteen multiparous sows were allotted to one of two treatments for three weeks: a diet high in fibre (H) or a diet low in fibre (L). After this 3-week period, the H group was transferred to the low fibre diet (HL-treatment) while the L group was transferred to the diet high in fibre (LH-treatment). Faecal samples were collected from each sow at 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19 days after the diet change and prepared as inoculum used for incubation with three contrasting fermentable substrates: oligofructose, soya pectin and cellulose. In addition, inocula were characterised using a phylogenetic microarray targeting the pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Time after diet change had an effect (P<0.05) on total gas production for the medium-fast fermentable substrates; soya pectin and oligofructose. For the more slowly fermentable cellulose, all measured fermentation parameters were consistently higher (P<0.05) for animals in the HL-treatment. Diet changes led to significant changes in relative abundance of specific bacteria, especially for members of the Bacteroidetes and Bacilli, which, respectively, increased or decreased for the LH-treatment, while changes were opposite for the HL-treatment. Changing the diet of sows led to changes in fermentation activity of the faecal microbiota and in composition of the microbiota over time. Adaptation of the microbiota as assessed by gas production occurred faster for LH-animals for fast fermentable substrates compared with HL-animals. Overall, adaptation of the large intestinal microbiota of sows as a result of ingestion of low and high fibre diets seems to take longer than 19 days, especially for the ability to ferment slowly fermentable substrates.
体外产气研究通常用于评估肠道微生物群发酵膳食纤维来源的代谢能力。体外产气实验过程中使用的粪便接种物大多取自适应特定饮食的动物。本研究旨在评估猪粪便接种物在适应一种饮食19天后，其微生物组成和活性是否能通过体外产气达到稳定状态。18头经产母猪被分配到两种处理方式之一，为期三周：高纤维饮食（H）或低纤维饮食（L）。三周后，H组转为低纤维饮食（HL处理），而L组转为高纤维饮食（LH处理）。在饮食改变后的第1、4、7、10、13、16和19天，从每头母猪采集粪便样本，并制备成接种物，用于与三种不同的可发酵底物（低聚果糖、大豆果胶和纤维素）一起孵育。此外，使用针对猪胃肠道微生物群的系统发育微阵列对接种物进行表征。饮食改变后的时间对中速可发酵底物（大豆果胶和低聚果糖）的总产气量有影响（P<0.05）。对于发酵较慢的纤维素，HL处理组动物的所有测量发酵参数始终较高（P<0.05）。饮食变化导致特定细菌的相对丰度发生显著变化，尤其是拟杆菌门和芽孢杆菌属的成员，在LH处理中分别增加或减少，而在HL处理中变化相反。改变母猪的饮食会导致粪便微生物群的发酵活性和微生物群组成随时间发生变化。与HL组动物相比，LH组动物的快速可发酵底物通过产气评估的微生物群适应更快。总体而言，母猪摄入低纤维和高纤维饮食后，其大肠微生物群的适应似乎需要超过19天，尤其是对于发酵缓慢可发酵底物的能力。
