Zamudio Fernando, Hilgert Norma I
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611 (X5000HVA), 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2015 May 23;11:41. doi: 10.1186/s13002-015-0029-z.
Not long ago Eugene Hunn suggested using a combination of cognitive, linguistic, ecological and evolutionary theories in order to account for the dynamic character of ethnoecology in the study of folk classification systems. In this way he intended to question certain homogeneity in folk classifications models and deepen in the analysis and interpretation of variability in folk classifications. This paper studies how a rural culturally mixed population of the Atlantic Forest of Misiones (Argentina) classified honey-producing stingless bees according to the linguistic, cognitive and ecological dimensions of folk classification. We also analyze the socio-ecological meaning of binomialization in naming and the meaning of general local variability in the appointment of stingless bees.
We used three different approaches: the classical approach developed by Brent Berlin which relies heavily on linguistic criteria, the approach developed by Eleonor Rosch which relies on psychological (cognitive) principles of categorization and finally we have captured the ecological dimension of folk classification in local narratives. For the second approximation, we developed ways of measuring the degree of prototypicality based on a total of 107 comparisons of the type "X is similar to Y" identified in personal narratives.
Various logical and grouping strategies coexist and were identified as: graded of lateral linkage, hierarchical and functional. Similarity judgments among folk taxa resulted in an implicit logic of classification graded according to taxa's prototypicality. While there is a high agreement on naming stingless bees with monomial names, a considerable number of underrepresented binomial names and lack of names were observed. Two possible explanations about reported local naming variability are presented.
We support the multidimensionality of folk classification systems. This confirms the specificity of local classification systems but also reflects the use of grouping strategies and mechanisms commonly observed in other cultural groups, such as the use of similarity judgments between more or less prototypical organisms. Also we support the idea that alternative naming results from a process of fragmentation of knowledge or incomplete transmission of knowledge. These processes lean on the facts that culturally based knowledge, on the one hand, and biologic knowledge of nature on the other, can be acquired through different learning pathways.
不久前,尤金·洪恩建议结合认知、语言、生态和进化理论,以解释民族生态学在民间分类系统研究中的动态特征。通过这种方式,他旨在质疑民间分类模型中的某些同质性,并深化对民间分类变异性的分析和解释。本文研究了阿根廷米西奥内斯大西洋森林中一个农村文化混合群体如何根据民间分类的语言、认知和生态维度对产蜜无刺蜂进行分类。我们还分析了命名中二元化的社会生态意义以及无刺蜂命名中一般局部变异性的意义。
我们采用了三种不同的方法:布伦特·柏林开发的经典方法,该方法严重依赖语言标准;埃莉诺·罗施开发的方法,该方法依赖分类的心理(认知)原则;最后,我们在当地叙述中捕捉了民间分类的生态维度。对于第二种方法,我们基于在个人叙述中识别出的总共107个“X类似于Y”类型的比较,开发了测量原型程度的方法。
各种逻辑和分组策略共存,被确定为:横向联系等级、层次和功能。民间分类单元之间的相似性判断导致了一种根据分类单元原型性分级的隐性分类逻辑。虽然在使用单项式名称命名无刺蜂方面有很高的一致性,但观察到相当数量的代表性不足的二元名称和名称缺失。提出了关于报告的当地命名变异性的两种可能解释。
我们支持民间分类系统的多维性。这证实了当地分类系统的特殊性,但也反映了在其他文化群体中常见的分组策略和机制的使用,例如在或多或少具有原型性的生物体之间使用相似性判断。我们还支持这样一种观点,即替代命名是知识碎片化或知识不完全传播过程的结果。这些过程基于这样的事实,一方面基于文化的知识,另一方面自然的生物学知识,可以通过不同的学习途径获得。