van der Meer Jolanda M J, Hartman Catharina A, Thissen Andrieke J A M, Oerlemans Anoek M, Luman Marjolein, Buitelaar Jan K, Rommelse Nanda N J
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;25(4):351-60. doi: 10.1007/s00787-015-0734-0. Epub 2015 Jul 8.
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have motor timing difficulties. This study examined whether affected motor timing accuracy and variability are specific for ADHD, or that comorbidity with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) contributes to these motor timing difficulties. An 80-trial motor timing task measuring accuracy (μ), variability (σ) and infrequent long response times (τ) in estimating a 1-s interval was administered to 283 children and adolescents (8-17 years) from both a clinic and population based sample. They were divided into four latent classes based on the SCQ and
CPRS-R: L data. These classes were: without behavioral problems 'Normal-class' (n = 154), with only ADHD symptoms 'ADHD-class' (n = 49), and two classes with both ASD and ADHD symptoms; ADHD(+ASD)-class (n = 39) and ASD(+ADHD)-class (n = 41). The pure ADHD-class did not deviate from the Normal class on any of the motor timing measures (mean RTs 916 and 925 ms, respectively). The comorbid ADHD(+ASD) and ASD(+ADHD) classes were significantly less accurate (more time underestimations) compared to the Normal class (mean RTs 847 and 870 ms, respectively). Variability in motor timing was reduced in the younger children in the ADHD(+ASD) class, which may reflect a tendency to rush the tedious task. Only patients with more severe behavioral symptoms show motor timing deficiencies. This cannot merely be explained by high ADHD severity with ASD playing no role, as ADHD symptom severity in the pure ADHD-class and the ASD(+ADHD) class was highly similar, with the former class showing no motor timing deficits.
患有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的儿童存在运动计时困难。本研究调查了受影响的运动计时准确性和变异性是否是ADHD所特有的，或者与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的共病是否导致了这些运动计时困难。对来自诊所和基于人群样本的283名儿童和青少年（8 - 17岁）进行了一项80次试验的运动计时任务，该任务测量估计1秒间隔时的准确性（μ）、变异性（σ）和罕见的长反应时间（τ）。根据社交沟通问卷（SCQ）和儿童行为评定量表修订版（CPRS - R：L数据），他们被分为四个潜在类别。这些类别分别是：无行为问题的“正常类别”（n = 154）、仅有ADHD症状的“ADHD类别”（n = 49），以及两个既有ASD又有ADHD症状的类别；ADHD（+ASD）类别（n = 39）和ASD（+ADHD）类别（n = 41）。单纯的ADHD类别在任何运动计时测量指标上均未偏离正常类别（平均反应时间分别为916和925毫秒）。与正常类别相比，ADHD合并ASD（+ASD）和ASD合并ADHD（+ADHD）类别准确性显著降低（更多时间低估）（平均反应时间分别为847和870毫秒）。ADHD（+ASD）类别中年龄较小的儿童运动计时变异性降低，这可能反映出急于完成这项枯燥任务的倾向。只有行为症状更严重的患者存在运动计时缺陷。这不能仅仅用ADHD严重程度高而ASD不起作用来解释，因为单纯ADHD类别和ASD（+ADHD）类别的ADHD症状严重程度非常相似，而前一个类别没有运动计时缺陷。
