Pediatric pharmacology: current efforts and future goals to improve clinical practice.

Interest in pediatric pharmacology has increased over the past two decades. With few exceptions, research efforts are currently, however, still limited to pharmacokinetic (PK) queries on single drugs in a limited number of subjects. It is now time to move forward and integrate and generalize the PK information that is currently available more efficiently across different drugs and different populations. Additionally, for pediatric patients to truly benefit from pharmacological research efforts, the knowledge that is obtained in these studies needs to be translated into dosing recommendations that are subsequently prospectively evaluated in adequately powered randomized clinical trials. Finally, as drug effects and safety are the result of both PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) processes and as developmental changes may occur in both processes, it is essential for PK studies to be followed-up by PD studies when dose-adjustments based on PKs alone have been proven insufficient. In this report, examples illustrating this approach are provided. As PD studies in children are generally more complicated to perform than PK studies, this is where a big challenge in pediatric pharmacological research still lies.