It has been nearly quarter of a century since nursing educator Irihapeti Ramsden wrote the guidelines on cultural safety (Kawa Whakaruruhau), ratified in 1992 and subsequently much revised (most recently in 2011) by the Nursing Council. The Te Puna Hauora Kaupapa Nursing Service at Tauranga Hospital has been in existence for more than 18 years. Despite this, the experiences of Māori nurses described here, and the lack of adoption of truly bicultural nursing services in other parts of the country, indicate far more investment is needed in Māori nursing. What all those working in the health-care system need is the capacity to deliver whanaungatanga models of care, through cultural awareness education, and through the development of cultural competencies.
自护理教育工作者伊里哈佩蒂·拉姆齐登撰写文化安全指南（《卡瓦·瓦卡罗鲁豪》）以来，已过去近四分之一个世纪。该指南于1992年获得批准，随后经过多次修订（最近一次是在2011年），由护理委员会负责。陶朗加医院的特普纳·豪奥拉·考帕帕护理服务已经存在了18年多。尽管如此，这里所描述的毛利护士的经历，以及该国其他地区缺乏真正的双文化护理服务的情况表明，毛利护理需要更多的投入。医疗保健系统中的所有工作人员都需要具备通过文化意识教育和文化能力发展来提供亲情关怀护理模式的能力。
