Cappella Annalisa, Bertoglio Barbara, Castoldi Elisa, Maderna Emanuela, Di Giancamillo Alessia, Domeneghini Cinzia, Andreola Salvatore, Cattaneo Cristina
Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy.
Fellow of the Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Ph.D. program of the University of Pavia.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015 Dec;158(4):636-45. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22830. Epub 2015 Aug 12.
The variation and persistence of blood components, in particular red blood cells (RBCs), within bone tissue during the decomposition process, especially at the early stages and in different taphonomic conditions, has never been thoroughly investigated, regardless of the fact that knowing how blood survives or degrades within bone could be of help in solving many anthropological issues, such as trauma analysis and interpretation.
This research investigated the influence of time and taphonomy on the persistence and detectability of blood components in parietal bone fragments (of different post mortem periods and taphonomic conditions) through histological (Hematoxilin and Eosin, HE) and immunohistochemical (Glycophorin A, GYPA) analyses.
The immunohistochemical investigation for GYPA showed the presence of RBCs under the form of erythrocyte debris or residues otherwise morphologically unidentifiable using only HE staining. Hence, while well-defined RBCs can be observed only in the first week of decomposition, afterward these structures can be detectable with certainty only by immunohistochemical analysis, which reveals discrete quantities of RBC residues also in dry bone (post mortem interval, or PMI, of 15 years), but not in archaeological samples, in which the greater PMI and the different taphonomic conditions together could be the answer behind such difference.
This study highlights the usefulness and potential of immunohistochemical detection of GYPA in RBC investigation and gives a realistic idea of the persistence and detectability of erythrocytes in different osteological taphonomic conditions, in contrast to results reported by some authors in literature. Another important result concerns the detection of RBC residues in dry bone, which opens the way to the possible use of RBCs in trauma interpretation.
在分解过程中，尤其是在早期阶段以及不同的埋藏学条件下，骨组织内血液成分，特别是红细胞（RBCs）的变化和持久性，从未得到过彻底研究，尽管了解血液在骨内如何存活或降解可能有助于解决许多人类学问题，如创伤分析和解读。
本研究通过组织学（苏木精和伊红染色，HE）和免疫组织化学（血型糖蛋白A，GYPA）分析，研究时间和埋藏学对顶骨碎片（不同死后时期和埋藏学条件）中血液成分的持久性和可检测性的影响。
对GYPA的免疫组织化学研究显示，红细胞以红细胞碎片或残留物的形式存在，否则仅使用HE染色在形态上无法识别。因此，虽然仅在分解的第一周可观察到明确的红细胞，但之后这些结构只有通过免疫组织化学分析才能确定检测到，免疫组织化学分析还揭示了在干骨（死后间隔，或PMI，为15年）中也存在离散量的红细胞残留物，但在考古样本中未检测到，其中更长的PMI和不同的埋藏学条件共同可能是造成这种差异的原因。
本研究强调了免疫组织化学检测GYPA在红细胞研究中的有用性和潜力，并给出了在不同骨骼埋藏学条件下红细胞持久性和可检测性的实际概念，这与文献中一些作者报道的结果不同。另一个重要结果是在干骨中检测到红细胞残留物，这为在创伤解读中可能使用红细胞开辟了道路。
