Kerrigan Deanna, Kennedy Caitlin E, Cheng Alison Surdo, Sandison Sarah J, Fonner Virginia A, Holtgrave David R, Brahmbhatt Heena
Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;
J Int AIDS Soc. 2015 Aug 18;18(1):20029. doi: 10.7448/IAS.18.1.20029. eCollection 2015.
In the field of HIV prevention, there is renewed interest in operations research (OR) within an implementation science framework. The ultimate goal of such studies is to generate new knowledge that can inform local programmes and policies, thus improving access, quality, efficiency and effectiveness. Using four case studies from the USAID-funded Research to Prevention (R2P) project, we highlight the strategic use of OR and the impact it can have on shaping the focus and content of HIV prevention programming across geographic and epidemic settings and populations. These case studies, which include experiences from several sub-Saharan African countries and the Caribbean, emphasize four unique ways that R2P projects utilized OR to stimulate change in a given context, including: (1) translating findings from clinical trials to real-world settings; (2) adapting promising structural interventions to a new context; (3) tailoring effective interventions to underserved populations; and (4) prioritizing key populations within a national response to HIV. Carefully crafted OR can bridge the common gap that exists between research-generated knowledge and field-based practice, lead to substantial, real-world changes in national policies and programmes, and strengthen local organizations and the use of data to be more responsive to a given topic or population, ultimately supporting a locally tailored HIV response.
在艾滋病预防领域，人们对实施科学框架下的运筹学（OR）重新产生了兴趣。此类研究的最终目标是生成新知识，为地方项目和政策提供信息，从而改善可及性、质量、效率和效果。通过美国国际开发署资助的“研究到预防”（R2P）项目的四个案例研究，我们强调了运筹学的战略应用及其在塑造跨地理区域、疫情环境和人群的艾滋病预防规划重点及内容方面可能产生的影响。这些案例研究涵盖了几个撒哈拉以南非洲国家和加勒比地区的经验，强调了R2P项目利用运筹学在特定背景下推动变革的四种独特方式，包括：（1）将临床试验结果转化到现实环境中；（2）使有前景的结构性干预措施适应新环境；（3）为服务不足的人群量身定制有效的干预措施；（4）在国家应对艾滋病的行动中对重点人群进行优先排序。精心设计的运筹学可以弥合研究产生的知识与实地实践之间常见的差距，导致国家政策和项目在现实世界中发生重大变化，并加强地方组织以及数据的使用，使其对特定主题或人群更具响应性，最终支持因地制宜的艾滋病应对措施。
