Department of Psychology, University Station, A8000 Austin, TX 78750, USA.
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Room 1.404, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2011 Mar;2(2):158-166. doi: 10.1002/wcs.113. Epub 2010 Sep 22.
Historically, the study of visual perception has followed a reductionist strategy, with the goal of understanding complex visually guided behavior by separate analysis of its elemental components. Recent developments in monitoring behavior, such as measurement of eye movements in unconstrained observers, have allowed investigation of the use of vision in the natural world. This has led to a variety of insights that would be difficult to achieve in more constrained experimental contexts. In general, it shifts the focus of vision away from the properties of the stimulus toward a consideration of the behavioral goals of the observer. It appears that behavioral goals are a critical factor in controlling the acquisition of visual information from the world. This insight has been accompanied by a growing understanding of the importance of reward in modulating the underlying neural mechanisms and by theoretical developments using reinforcement learning models of complex behavior. These developments provide us with the tools to understanding how tasks are represented in the brain, and how they control acquisition of information through use of gaze. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 158-166 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.113 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
从历史上看，视觉感知的研究一直遵循还原论策略，其目标是通过单独分析其基本组成部分来理解复杂的视觉引导行为。最近在监测行为方面的发展，如在不受限制的观察者中测量眼球运动，使得对在自然世界中使用视觉的研究成为可能。这产生了各种难以在更受限制的实验环境中获得的见解。总的来说，它将视觉的焦点从刺激的属性转移到观察者的行为目标上。似乎行为目标是控制从世界获取视觉信息的关键因素。这一观点伴随着对奖励在调节潜在神经机制中的重要性的认识的不断提高，以及使用强化学习模型对复杂行为的理论发展。这些发展为我们提供了理解任务如何在大脑中表示以及它们如何通过注视来控制信息获取的工具。
